GLOW IN THE DARK (ENERGY): Researchers used x-ray images of galaxy clusters such as this one, known as Abell 85, to track the effects of dark energy on the evolution of large-scale structures in the universe.
Image: NASA/CXC/SAO/A. Vikhlinin et al.
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In 1998 two teams of researchers made a milestone cosmological announcement: The universe, long known to be expanding, was not slowing down in its expansion as expected but was in fact accelerating. Both groups had been studying exploding stars, or supernovae, and used the objects' movement to show that the universe is speeding up. The culprit was labeled dark energy—a hypothesized presence that pervades space and pushes the pieces of the universe apart.
A new study that examines the growth of galaxy clusters rather than the movement of stars independently confirms the presence of dark energy. Researchers, led by Alexey Vikhlinin of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), found that dark energy seems to restrain the growth of clusters over time, hindering the gravitational clumping of matter that would allow them to grow even more massive.
Vikhlinin called the findings, which are set to be published in The Astrophysical Journal, "an unambiguous signature of dark energy." Such an effect is not entirely surprising: Astrophysicist Christopher Conselice of the University of Nottingham in England raised this as a likely role for dark energy in a 2007 Scientific American article.
The researchers said in a teleconference this week that the new look at dark energy is akin to sports referees making calls based on multiple vantage points. Whereas the existence of dark energy has been well supported for a decade, this new study helps to confirm its presence and to place constraints on just how strong its effects can be. Mario Livio, an astrophysicist at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, says that it does not overturn dogma, but "it is nevertheless an observation that had to be made." Because so many of the early results came from the supernova approach, Livio says, it is important to verify the phenomenon with "a completely independent method."
By studying far-flung galaxy clusters, astronomers are able to look back in time at the state of those objects millions or even billions of years ago, when the light just now reaching us was emitted. By comparing relatively close clusters with those more distant, the physical evolution of these gargantuan structures can be traced over time. Their observed development is "exactly what's expected for a universe with a low density of matter and a high density of dark energy," Vikhlinin said. (By current estimates, dark energy makes up nearly three quarters of the universe, dark matter comprises another 20 to 25 percent, and ordinary matter—all that we can see and touch—constitutes a mere 4 percent.)
What Vikhlinin and his co-authors observed is also what was expected for a universe described by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, the reigning theory of gravity. At the news conference, Princeton University astrophysicist David Spergel, who did not contribute to the research, called this further confirmation of dark energy "a triumph of general relativity."
Study co-author William Forman, a CfA astrophysicist, noted that although general relativity fit well with his team's observations, Einstein's vision may still require future adjustments. Livio agrees, but believes that the galaxy-cluster result nonetheless provides an important test for relativity. "There was the potential here, with this method," he says, "to tell us whether we had to modify our theory of gravity."
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Add CommentPerhaps Einstein was making a little mistake. Because he was trying to find a force equal but opposite to gravity which could support his idea of a steady everlasting universe with no beginning and no end. Then, when Hubble found out that the universe is expanding, Einstein said he had made the biggest mistake in his entire life. But, if Einstien's picture of the universe was what Hubble saw with his telescope, he could do the best contribution to the society of astrologists.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisTake it, if the rate of the expansion of the unvierse is more than a critical value, then the final fate of the universe would be a dramatic BIG RIP. If it is going to happen everything, even atoms will be ripped apart to their building blocks. It's scary. It's still rare due to scientists, but science always reveals more secrets, some are terribly scary.
And if the rate is not more than critical, and not deccelerating, then some say the universe will end in ice! A frozen dark lifeless place, the universe will turn into. This idea does not have any name, or I don't know!
Despite all, the good thing is that the fate of the universe will be much longer than a human being's life can last. Thank goodness for the calm and quite corner of the universe we have to spread our existane.
Dark matter seems to one of the biggest and most important discoveries to help our understanding the universe. I wonder what is next on the list of major phenomenon?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisMahdi,
I think it's called the Big Freeze when all stars in the universe die due to the second law of thermodynamics. It's difficult to digest geographical and cosmological time; however, the Big Freeze isn't due for around 60 cosmological decades. I think that's more than enough time of existence to satisfy my ego. hehe
Of course, Marku. Whatever the fate of the universe is going to be, we can be sure that it's very rare that it will happen within our life time. Yet, our solar system eithe won't see that day. Say, the final fate of the universe would be in about 60 cosmological decades, but the fate of our solar system is said to be 5 billion years later. It's far before the time that there is going to be something wrong with the entire universe.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisTo my point of view, the best discovery that can make human civilization proud of itself is to find a way to travel in space to places far far away, like other galaxies. One idea is to bend Einstein's fabric of Space-Time. If feasible, wow, where we can't go in the universe, then!
As a chemist I am most interested in finding out what dark matter is composed of and how dark energy works.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisWe need some of the stuff to work on,
At the moment it seems that DM and DE are hypothetical substances used to verify physicists theories. If they are both so very common, why have they never been isolated and worked on. Or perhaps they have.
DM and DE have the stink of handwavium all about them.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisDark matter and Dark Energy are proved in theory. But scientists have not succeeded yet to collect any dark matter yet. There are labs somewhere in the world under the ground, where physicists are very hopeful to capture some Dark Matter, but the cosequence untill today: Nothing! The thing is they have not given up. Hope is that some day they will. But in theory, Dark Matter does not collide with Ordinary Matter. Although it is every where, but it passes Ordinary Matter with no effect. I don't know how we may capture it.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIt is, but, different for Dark Energy. If the current behavior of the universe is found out to be against was gravity tends to do, some other force or energy shall be there working to defeat gravity. And scientists have found the evidence for what they call Dark Energy by observing the rate at which other galaxies are getting farther from us.
Remember one thing: They are called Dark because science has not seen any of them. We have not seen Dark Matter, that's why it's dark. We know they are there, at least due to our theories, but to touch it, we are still hopeful. That's rather like Black Holes. We know they are there, but we can't see them, so they are Black Holes.
Algoritmi genetici. Piet� nella nuova vita.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisda Caos, segnali e visioni
di Alberto Fortunato
Lo spazio dato dalla letteratura scientifica agli algoritmi genetici, almeno in Italia, sembra davvero esiguo. Per trovarne da leggere devo fare click sulla ricerca avanzata in google. In libreria, invece, mi dicono che &non hanno testi di biologia& oppure &per la medicina devo guardare l�, in fondo a destra . Annuisco, metto le mani nel cappotto e vado a leggere il dizionario del corpo umano. Devo passare il tempo.
Lalgoritmo genetico chi lo usa? Lo usano i ricercatori. Quelli che, prendendo spunto dalla selezione naturale di Darwin, progettano e realizzano uno strumento di ricerca. Lo strumento, a mio avviso molto stimolante dal punto del coinvolgimento interdisciplinare nellambito della sua progettazione, � lemblema di un ambiente di ricerca teso al miglioramento continuo. Un ambiente che lavorando con i classici tools stocastici e aleatori per necessit�, � sempre alla ricerca di una possibile ottimizzazione.
In questi ambienti, specialmente dove ricerco io, la perfezione non esiste. Esiste un punto che, nel tempo, costituisce un punto di arrivo e di immediata ripartenza per un altro, ancora pi� ambizioso. Tutte le popolazioni possono essere investigate dallalgoritmo genetico? Si. In un certo senso si, purch� si tratti di popolazioni di soluzioni. Se nella biologia studiamo popolazioni e campioni di animali e individui, nella ricerca che utilizza lalgoritmo genetico dobbiamo sostituire le soluzioni dei problemi agli individui della popolazione. Parlare di evoluzione significa indicare una popolazione di soluzioni migliori rispetto alla popolazione costituita dalle soluzioni precedenti.
Il parallelismo con la logica biologica dellevoluzione e della selezione naturale si ripropone pi� forte quando si parla di generazione. In realt� con lalgoritmo genetico, dalla popolazione di soluzioni originarie, vengono selezionate delle soluzioni pi� promettenti perch� queste si combinino e diano vita ad una nuova generazione di soluzioni migliori . Il livello di Fitness � quello che concorre ad ordinare in maniera crescente le soluzioni per consentire, ad un certo punto della sequenza, un taglio di quelle meno interessanti. Con il passaggio generazionale da una popolazione di soluzioni a quella successiva avviene ovviamente una trasmissione (solo una parte) del patrimonio genetico. Le soluzioni genitori migliori lasciano, alle soluzioni figlie, parte della loro costituzione genetica.
Due cose ancora sono importanti in questo passaggio generazionale. Si tratta delle due cose che mi intrigano di pi�. Di queste non dobbiamo trascurare alcun aspetto, sia dal punto di vista filosofico che dal punto di vista operativo e tecnico sperimentale: la mutazione genetica vista nella sua casualit� e il crossover visto nel suo determinismo.
La mutazione genetica avviene con una modifica casuale di alcune parti di geni con valore di fitness pi� basso. La mutazione genetica delle soluzioni non d� alcun risultato in termini di reale miglioramento. Quel che pu� essere un risultato di fitness pi� elevato infatti non deve essere considerato un passaggio evolutivo certo. E discutibile, in unottica di popolazione di soluzioni, pensare ad una evoluzione in presenza di una mutazione genetica. Con la mutazione possiamo sempre trovarci di fronte ad un ottimo locale ( si badi bene che ottimo locale non � ottimo assoluto) e cio� un risultato migliore ma ancora perfezionabile.
Con il crossover mettiamo le mani sul caso. E qui cominciano i problemi. Soprattutto quando si parla di popolazioni di soluzioni. Paradossalmente. Sogno. Vedo. Sento.
Sono nella stanzetta di Tommy. Estraggo il set delle soluzioni dal gold box e ne srotolo una. La prendo a caso? Non so. La dispiego sul letto e ne ammiro la costituzione genetica. Merita. Le trovo un compagno e affianco gli individui in modo da poterne ammirare il parallelismo. Tommy mi passa il bisturi e comincia il mio dilemma. Dove taglio? Qual � sar� il punto in cui il fendente avr� casualmente determinato levoluzione di una specie di soluzioni migliori. Testa e coda. Zac. Un colpo secco e seziono le soluzioni a met�. Taglio (a caso?) le stringhe di codifica e ottengo due teste e due code. Ancora si muovono. Vibrano nello spazio antistante due battiti di ali di farfalla che porteranno le vicissitudini del Mondo lontano dagli universi probabili finora definiti. Scambio teste e code. Nuovi geni. Nuove visioni. Nuova vita. Il Signore abbia piet� di me anche in questa.
di Alberto Fortunato
Algoritmi Genetici. Piet� nella nuova vita.
Da Caos, segnali e visioni
Caos, segnali e visioni
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisDalle variabili casuali al paranoico di Freud
La teoria del “caos deterministico” è andata oltre i confini scientifici, stabilendosi in quella Svizzera neutrale dove converge il lavoro di diverse discipline. I fenomeni del mondo reale si verificano in modo apparentemente o realmente casuale? Se lo sono chiesti gli Amleti della filosofia, della sociologia, della psicologia. Al Centro Ricerca Kiranet, nell’ambito delle sperimentazioni nell’ambito della tecnologia RFid
(Identificazione a Radio Frequenze), l’interrogativo sul caos deterministico continua a suscitare entusiasmi ed inquietudini tra i ricercatori.
In laboratorio stiamo implementando un sistema hardware/software per ridurre il F.O.D. (Foreign Object Damage) e cioè il rischio di smarrimento di oggetti a bordo degli aeroplani. Utilizziamo le antenne per leggere i tag. L’esperimento consiste nel misurare la potenza del segnale di risposta che, dal tag, arriva all’antenna. La potenza varia al variare della distanza tra i due oggetti RFid: se avviciniamo il tag all’antenna, la potenza del segnale aumenta. Se lo allontaniamo, si riduce. Ma come? La prima parte degli esperimenti, condotta al di fuori della camera anecoica e quindi nella “zona non quieta”, è quella che ha suscitato più riflessioni da parte di tutti. Le riflessioni più interessanti sono pervenute da parte di coloro che non avevano alcuna competenza sui campi elettromagnetici: “David Hume negava all’uomo la capacità di formare liberamente i propri desideri e le proprie convinzioni”. E’ una delle conclusioni alle quali siamo pervenuti anche noi osservando il modo in cui si comporta il campo elettromagnetico. Quando credi di aver dato assetto ad un segnale, la cui potenza oscilla tra un limite superiore ed un limite inferiore, ci sarà un outlier. Un dato aberrante, non previsto. Fumi la Merit e riformuli i disegni sperimentali. Nel diciassettesimo secolo il deismo ribadiva il concetto di predeterminazione dell’universo ad opera di un’entità metafisica esterna ad esso e causa prima del tutto. Considerazioni di tipo teologico sono state inevitabili anche durante le sperimentazioni. << Hai presente l’area dell’improbabile sottostante una distribuzione normale? - dicevo ad Anna - bene, l’entità dei deisti risiede lì >>. Lei sta al gioco e risponde: << il valore “α” lo decidi tu>>. Io sorrido e sto zitto in italiano.
Sul concetto di predestinazione hanno riflettuto pensatori illustri. Manzoni si interroga sulle possibilità di salvezza dell’anima non eletta da Dio. E’ il problema del libero arbitrio di Lutero. La varianza, δ2 = 1/n ∑ ( xi – μ)2, calcolata grazie al campione di valori relativi alla potenza del segnale di risposta, mi lascia pensare che anche il campo elettromagnetico sia dotato di un libero arbitrio. In alcuni casi, questo campo sembra prendere l’iniziativa per disperdersi e confonderci. Se si segue la dottrina filosofica del determinismo però, se ne conviene che tanto gli eventi umani quanto quelli strettamente scientifici sono determinati da un preciso schema di causa-effetto. Si torna al concetto platoniano per il quale tutto è manifestazione di regolarità matematica, tutto è ascrivibile ai quei “triangoli e cerchi” galileiani che sono alla base dello schema della Natura. Del resto, siamo abituati a pensare che esista Qualcosa o Qualcuno che indirizzi il nostro percorso, perché l’idea di percorrere un sentiero già marcato ci culla e ci rassicura.
All’aumentare della distanza tra il tag e l’antenna, la potenza del segnale di ritorno
(segnale che va dal tag verso l’antenna) diminuisce. Per divertimento abbiamo sperimentato fino in fondo il fenomeno, volutamente al di fuori della camera anecoica. L’obiettivo è senza dubbio quello di scrivere l’equazione di relazione tra la variabile indipendente “distanza” e la variabile dipendente “potenza del segnale”. Abbiamo avviato il processo di regressione facendo alcune ipotesi. L’ipotesi di una relazione lineare è stata scartata subito: tanto valeva dare ragione ai Greci che attribuivano i loro destini al Fato. Modello polinomiale? Lo proviamo e ci risponde l’R2 ( corretto) con un valore del 68%. Questo significa che il nostro impegno nell’esperimento è riuscito a trovare un modello che spiega la variazione della variabile dipendente (potenza segnale) nella misura del 68%. E’ un po’ come avere “cinque” al gioco del sette e mezzo, con le carte napoletane. << Sto bene! >>.
In Psicopatologia della vita quotidiana Freud analizza il paranoico. Quest’ultimo è ossessionato dall’idea che le persone che lo circondano siano in qualche modo “coalizzate” per danneggiarlo e quindi, proprio al pari del superstizioso, non vede casualità negli eventi, ma ad essi sottende sempre una sorta di predeterminazione. Gli esperimenti con il campo elettromagnetico ci rendono paranoici. “Proiettiamo” nel mondo esterno la nostra condizione psichica, la mancanza di casualità propria della dimensione inconscia. Diamo nascita a miti e religioni. Intravediamo segnali. Freud si è posto il problema della predeterminazione delle azioni umane ed oggi possiamo addirittura parlare di “determinismo psicologico”.
Il campo elettromagnetico, come l’individuo, è strettamente legato al contesto in cui vive: parliamo di quel rapporto dinamico tra soggetto/ambiente già evidenziato dagli scrittori naturalisti, al quale vanno aggiunti fattori ereditari e biologici. L’individuo, inoltre, tende a ripetere gli schemi comportamentali delle persone che gli sono vicine e che lo hanno cresciuto. L’ipotesi di “simpatia” tra i campi elettromagnetici non dovrebbe essere trascurata. Aggiungerei.
E cosa dire degli atti mancati, i cosiddetti “lapsus”? Qualcosa di apparentemente insignificante, ma non casuale. Al nostro inconscio basta un momento di distrazione per prendere il sopravvento… “Una volta, accingendomi a prendere il biglietto alla stazione Reichenhall, non mi vuol venire in mente il nome che del resto mi era molto familiare, della principale stazione successiva, dalla quale sono passato tante volte. Devo per forza cercarlo sull’orario ferroviario. Il nome è Rosenheim (dimora delle rose). Allora capisco subito per quale associazione mi era sfuggito. Un’ora prima avevo fatto visita a mia sorella che sta vicino a Reichenhall; mia sorella si chiama Rosa: ecco dunque un altro Rosenheim ( dimora di Rosa)” (Freud).
Qualsiasi cosa, anche la più trascurabile, può avere effetti sulla nostra vita. Resta da definire la portata di questo battito d’ali di farfalla. La nostra anima, in fondo, non è in una camera anecoica. Ci avviciniamo alla mia auto al parcheggio. Una uguale è parcheggiata accanto alla mia.
Alberto Fortunato e Anna Romano
This is probably a dumb idea but I haven't found anything on the net about it, so perhaps somebody can ( politely ) put me right. Has the possibility of the universe rotating in a 4th spatial dimension been dismissed a possible contributor to dark energy?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisImagine the 2 dimensional inhabitants of the surface of a sphere ( their universe ). The sphere is rotating in a 3rd dimension. The inhabitants are unaware of the 3rd dimension in which their sphere is embedded. Their only experience of the rotation is as an expansionary force. Of course the force decreases to zero at the poles but the poles may be billions of light years away.
Vasily Yanchilin tells in his book The Quantum Theory of Gravitation the following story: Some scientists had developped a new theory and were very proud of it. However further research revealed that a little devil disturbed confirming experiments. As such cannot be published in a scientific newspaper after some reflection they announced that further experiments showed the existence of negative energy.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisYanchilin explains that the general theory of relativity is wrong because time and length are measured both on a hypothetical scale in the same way, while in reality when physical processes go faster, like near big masses and also at the Big Bang, then the duration of the whole shortens. On the contrary when the unit of length is taken shorter then the total distance increases.
Applied to distant supernovas there is no acceleration in expansion of the universe because the red shift has to be corrected along his basic hypothesis that c depends on the potential of the total mass of the universe with time running faster near mass in stead of slower like Einstein thought a century ago (before quantumtheory was invented).
So the result of the scientific argumentation of Yanchilin is that negative energy is superfluous, dark matter may consist of "remains" of fotons and accordingly the baryons form not 3 but around 10% now of mass in the universe.
Some time ago I ordered and paid Yanchilin's book as a gift to the Library of Congress. But it is not in the catalogue. Do they remove books with disliked theories and instead of preparing counter argumentation act in a way like in the Middle Ages burning the thing?
Vasily Yanchilin tells in his book The Quantum Theory of Gravitation the following story: Some scientists had developped a new theory and were very proud of it. However further research revealed that a little devil disturbed confirming experiments. As such cannot be published in a scientific newspaper after some reflection they announced that further experiments showed the existence of negative energy.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisYanchilin explains that the general theory of relativity is wrong because time and length are measured both on a hypothetical scale in the same way, while in reality when physical processes go faster, like near big masses and also at the Big Bang, then the duration of the whole shortens. On the contrary when the unit of length is taken shorter then the total distance increases.
Applied to distant supernovas there is no acceleration in expansion of the universe because the red shift has to be corrected along his basic hypothesis that c depends on the potential of the total mass of the universe with time running faster near mass in stead of slower like Einstein thought a century ago (before quantumtheory was invented).
So the result of the scientific argumentation of Yanchilin is that negative energy is superfluous, dark matter may consist of "remains" of fotons and accordingly the baryons form not 3 but around 10% now of mass in the universe.
Some time ago I ordered and paid Yanchilin's book as a gift to the Library of Congress. But it is not in the catalogue. Do they remove books with disliked theories and instead of preparing counter argumentation act in a way like in the Middle Ages burning the thing?
It would seem apparent that dark energy matter etc... Is dimensional in nature. Matter as we understand it was introduced into its dimensional space via a White Hole. The Black Hole that produces this White Hole, magnetic field is intense. This intense magnetic field attract matter from out side of its own dimensional space. This reaction allows the matter in our theoretical Black Hole to be to be transferred via White Hole into a neighboring dimension.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThe smoking gun to this hypothesize Is the Gamma busts that are being witnessed on the outer edges of our known universe. Our scientific community Have been feverishly working on the cause of this phenomena. These Gamma burst seem to be happening in all directions. It is my theory that these Gamma burst are bleed over from White Holes being formed in surrounding dimensions.
Can somebody tell me ( in terms of percentage) how sure the scientist about the presence of dark matter & dark energy? are they 100 % sure or 90 % etc ?why dark matter interfers with ligh ( bending it ) while it goes through objects? is it a real physics or metaphysics?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisBlack Matter was here before Matter was introduced. It is apparent that Black Matters basic nature conform to the laws of gravitational attraction. It is this attraction between Black Matter and Matter that caused the introduction of Matter in to our Universe.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIn a theoretical Universe. A Black Holes gravitational field becomes massive. It starts attracting Black Matter from out side of its own dimension. The attraction between this dimensional Black Matter and the gravitational field becomes so intense a hole is opened between the two. Matter is expelled through this opening causing a violent burst of energy (Big Bang)
THE SMOKING GUN!
The Scientific Community are observing Gamma Bursts on the outer edges of our Universe. It is my hypothesis these Gamma Bursts are the result of Big Bangs happening in different dimension and are a bleed over effect into our own.
Maybe...at the bang space was crystallized or separated into points of compressed space surrounded by expanded space, from the same action like a teeter-totter, the latter pulling between any two compressed points. Two energies equal in total strength and exactly opposite in nature. Some points of compressed energy joined into units around which others, individually or as units, orbited in regular frequencies and amplitudes which we can detect. Others do not move in regular patterns we can detect but they still attract. Dark matter? We can detect its presence by its impact but not directly like the other? In this scenario the area between matter is not an empty vacuum of nothingness but a near infinitely flexible, frictionless energy that is the connection and conduit for transferring the information of motion, etc., from one thing to another. The mysterious energy we know exists in space but haven't discovered its nature? The simplest foundation always supports the most configurations. Nothing could be more simple than two equal and opposite energies.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThere is a little dark space inside all of us.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisJust as electromagnetic radiation we see from stars and galaxies is the evidence for their existence, what if the stars and galaxies we theorize are being emitted by dark energy. See anglingtek.com for a discussion of this concept.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisDark matter and dark energy were invented to explain away the fact that the formulas used to describe the universe simply don't work. Just like gravity cannot be controlled or even seen directly, the cause of the errors in cosmology is not directly observable and cannot be captured or controlled. It is entirely possible that these two concepts are correct but I doubt it. We must remember that this field of science is still in its infancy. In a thousand years our descendants will undoubtedly lump today's scientists with the flat Earthers due to the primitiveness of the "dark" theory.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisSo, are these black holes eating our time? They say that we are losing a second this new year. And that the earth is slowing down. Will it stop eventually and get eaten by a black hole?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIts all wrong.Here is an alternate theory and here is one of the proposed experiments to test it and it dose indeed display the same sort of expansion as that given for dark matter.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThe theory originated from the way gravity can dilate or in other words slow time relatively speaking and then postulates that matter must contract under slower time in such a way that the surrounding space expands. Not to be confused with Lorentz contractions.
Here is one of the recommended experiments in support of the theory and note how well it describes the behavior of dark matter.
Now just assume for a moment that the type of slowing of time we get around black holes etc actual contracts matter i.e. time 1/2 of our time contracts a ruler to 1/2 as long.Now ask what would happen if you had a space ship with two small cubes inside placed side by side and with two observers one in the space ship the other outside.Then we start its free fall towards a black hole now ask yourself what would happen if time for them goes to 1/2 as fast and the cubes also contract in volume.We know they are not moving but because they contract must gain more space between then now.Usually by analogy I usually point out what would happen if you took 2 cubes of jello and placed them side by side and let then dry out and contract and then I would point out that they did not move from their centers of gravity or just didn't actually move and the space between then was simply there to begin with.But the analogy differs now because with the cubes on the space ship we actually do have new space.Our observers on the space ship will insists the cubes are unchanged as everything about their sizes tells them they are unchanged and will argue they actually moved.Remember here the space ship must also have contracted.
Our outside distant observers will instead argue that the cubes never moved at all and merely shrunk in volume.
Actual reduction to practice problems with this is how objects in free fall tend to fall towards a single point like you would find in a sphere and so go closer together.I did hypothesize that a cylindrical planet would tend to have one axis where this would be less of a problem.Fortunately far better test of the theory are possible.
See the site below for the shortest simplest explanation of the theory and remember a lot is left out to keep it this short.
Site is still under construction but it will help.
http://alttheories.com/ThesisTimeNov16/Thesis_1.htm
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisI am so sorry my posting got all messed up and now I do not know how to delete it.2 try.
Its all wrong.Here is an alternate theory and here is one of the
proposed experiments to test it and it dose indeed display the same
sort of expansion as that given for dark matter.
The theory originated from the way gravity can dilate or in other words
slow time relatively speaking and then postulates that matter must
contract under slower time in such a way that the surrounding space
expands. Not to be confused with Lorentz contractions.
Here is one of the recommended experiments in support of the theory and
note how well it describes the behavior of dark matter.
Now just assume for a moment that the type of slowing of time we get
around black holes etc actual contracts matter i.e. time 1/2 of our
time contracts a ruler to 1/2 as long.Now ask what would happen if you
had a space ship with two small cubes inside placed side by side and
with two observers one in the space ship the other outside.Then we
start its free fall towards a black hole now ask yourself what would
happen if time for them goes to 1/2 as fast and the cubes also contract
in volume.We know they are not moving but because they contract must
gain more space between then now.Usually by analogy I usually point out
what would happen if you took 2 cubes of jello and placed them side by
side and let then dry out and contract and then I would point out that
they did not move from their centers of gravity or just didn't actually
move and the space between then was simply there to begin with.But the
analogy differs now because with the cubes on the space ship we
actually do have new space.Our observers on the space ship will insists
the cubes are unchanged as everything about their sizes tells them they
are unchanged and will argue they actually moved.Remember here the
space ship must also have contracted.
Our outside distant observers will instead argue that the cubes never
moved at all and merely shrunk in volume.
Actual reduction to practice problems with this is how objects in free
fall tend to fall towards a single point like you would find in a
sphere and so go closer together.I did hypothesize that a cylindrical
planet would tend to have one axis where this would be less of a
problem.Fortunately far better test of the theory are possible.
See the site below for the shortest simplest explanation of the theory
and remember a lot is left out to keep it this short.
Site is still under construction but it will help.
http://alttheories.com/ThesisTimeNov16/Thesis_1.htm
Dark matter doesn't collide with matter, but it passes right through... hmmm this sounds an awful lot like the electromagnetic fields. Ostensibly we are passing through/interacting with the sum total of all the em fields in the universes. The fields are the in essense the "substance" of matter in a way. Even the elementary/quantum particles can be thought of as disturbances in the ever presence static em field. Just a thought, but could it be that EM fields are the "dark substance" that cause all matter to repel against each other, just as they cause the atoms themselves to do so?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisHmm, dark matter does not collide with real matter, yet it exerts a force on it... it cannot be contained or captured and it acts over an unlimted distance to force matter apart. That sounds an awful lot like magnatism on a universal scale me. Some have proposed that the fundemental "stuff" that all subatomic particles are made can actually be thought of as disturbances in the Electromagnetic field. If you sufficiently disturbe an EM field, it has the ability to roll up on itself and the hypothesis goes that this is the essense of each and every subatomic particle. Think of an electron as a tiny point of balled up electromagnetic field spinning at the speed of light. Consider that no two electrons can exist in the same space. Inside of the electronic is a void of nothing and the surface of it could be thought of as a point disturbance in the only "thing" that really existis at all... Electromagnetic fields. This said, what if "dark matter" could be explained by the replusive force of the EM field between all matter. Theroetically we experience interactions with the EM fields of all the other matter in the universe. Because of this interaction, a tiny amount of force is induced on all the other particles as they move throught the EM fields of all the other matter. Since all matter is made up of Protons and Electrons (each of which is a charged particle) it stands to reason that when those particles move relative to all the other particles, that there would be a force exerted on them by the rest of the universe. Now, how to prove this?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIf dark matter exists, then is dark energy just its pressure of radiation? If matter and dark matter don't interact, why should energy and dark energy interact? So why is the outer universe expanding, or is dark gravity a form of anti-gravity? So much to learn still...
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisSince Dark Energy seems to be a repulsive or anti-gravity like force, would it also be present in the fabric of space compressed inside of a black hole? I was thinking outside the box, and I was wondering .... If Dark Energy is a "something", as the chemist who posted the comment that he would like to know something about its composition would seem to suggest, and if we could learn to harness enough of "it", then, theoretically, couldn't we also possibly use it to maintain open a singularity in space-time or wormhole such as the ones (mini-black holes) being created from smashing subatomic particles in superconducting supercolliders? If this is possible, then I really see an application to this discovery that extends far beyond the 21st Century..... It would be possible to travel inter-dimensionally to other parallel universes as the sum of all histories approach to quantum physics when applied to gravity would seem to suggest. Perhaps, this is an alternative to waiting for the Universe to cool itself below the cosmic background microwave radiation temperature and expand itself into oblivion! We could simply choose to get the hell out before that happens or our star after having lived enough decides to cast it s outer shells as it pulsates itself down to eventually a white or brown dwarf star. What do you all think?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThere is no need to confirm dark energy now. It was already cofirmed by casimiri effect long ago. Ether is dark energy was declared by durgadas datta in year 2002. Einstein thought cosmology constant opposite expansion force and constant but we know now ether is causing gravity as well as expansion of our universe as dark or vacuum energy. Ether is a varying field also as such not constant but cause whirls etc to create galaxies whirl ,planetary whirl etc. It seems that ether is even solid but for us flexible to move and nothing but space itself. That is why quantum entanglement is possible in solid ether ocean. Now my balloon inside balloon theory describe how ether is created by matter and antimatter annihilation is known to scientists and they also confirmed me that ether is exotic energy very different from other form of energy due to matter and antimatter annihilation at a speed much higher than speed of light. So ether is theory of everything and can explain all effects like gravity, entanglement etc etc.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisSome very important deductions from the accelerating universe is that dark energy continuously pumped into our universe to cause expansion. If you pump air in a balloon the rate of expansion can not be accelerating. Therefore we have antimatter universe around our matter universe which is pulling the galaxies we see so that an extra pull causes this accelerating expansion. Now we may also expect that at common spherical boundary , there is annihilation of matter and antimatter to produce exotic energy which we call dark energy and pumped into our universe . So source of dark energy is also known. Now if these twin universes are on opposite entropy path then outer universe will one day reach tends to zero entropy when another bounce and a new cycle with new laws will take over . This eternal cyclic dance has been described as CYCLIC DANCE OF LORD SHIVA in HINDU mythology. If we think this exotic dark energy as gravitoethertons of spherical vibrating strings in string theory and take spherical coordinates instead of cartesian coordinates to avoid multi dimension confusion , also separate time from space as Einstein space-time continuum approach considering space as ether or gravitoethertons and time purely entropical modifying Einsteins special relativity gravity ,then we may achieve a mathematical framework of theory of everything . I have sent these ideas to all leading scientists and published my theories in ASTRONOMY.NET in year 2002 and links available in --durgadas datta facebook- . Please write to me at my e-mail: durgadas.ddatta@gmail.com.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisPlease read theories published in ASTRONOMY.NET in year 2002 and links available in --durgadas datta face book- DURGADAS DATTA PUBLISHED --MISJUDGEMENTS BY NEWTON,..ETHER=GRAVITY=DARK ENERGY THEORY OF GRAVITOETHERTONS ,...EINSTEIN WRONG ETC ETC which is what you are saying now. BUT HIS BALLOON INSIDE BALLOON THEORY OF MATTER AND ANTIMATTER ON OPPOSITE ENTROPY PATH IS GROUND BREAKING AND NEW VISION PUBLISHED IN YEAR 2003.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIs it possible that dark energy, being a repulsive force, generates what we consider to be gravity? This idea assumes that dark energy's repulsive force is applied to matter in varying degrees according to the density involved. For example, an object in space receives equal opposing repulsive force from all possible directions simultaneously. This could be why objects are generally spherical in shape. Consider the repulsive force from just one direction. The density determines the quantity of repulsive force imparted on the object. As the dark energy transits the object, its repulsive force is reduced. On the opposite side of the object, an area of reduced repulsive force is created relative to the original direction. A differential in opposing dark energy repulsive forces generate what we consider to be gravity. If a second object is located within this area of reduced force (shadow) then it will begin to move (fall) toward the first object. The opposing repulsive force that has not transited the object was not reduced, thus the stronger force wins. This could explain why gravitational strength is correlated to the densities of the objects involved. This idea could tie together gravitational effects observed at all scales and describe some aspects of planet/solar system/galaxy formation. Perhaps dark matter is actually related to this dark energy shadow concept. It may be the differential cited above.
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