The female biological clock—its tick-tock marking the decline of fertility that grows louder as a woman reaches middle age—is deeply ingrained in popular consciousness. Take this scene from the film Bridget Jones's Diary: Bridget's Uncle Geoffrey reminds her that as a career girl she "can't put it off forever," alluding to her declining fertility. His wife Una chimes in: "tick-tock, tick-tock," her finger wagging like a metronome.

The biological clock, although just a metaphor, refers to a real phenomenon: Women over 35 years of age are only half as likely to become pregnant in the most fertile part of their menstrual cycle than women younger than 26.

So do men suffer from the same thing?

"For women, a biological clock is a decline in fertility and an increased chance of having genetically abnormal babies as they age," says Harry Fisch, director of New York City's Male Reproductive Center and author of The Male Biological Clock: The Startling News About Aging, Sexuality, and Fertility in Men. "And that's exactly what's happening with men."

So how did Indian farmer Nanu Ram Jogi sire a healthy child at the age of 90 last year? Such a feat would be impossible for a woman, even in an age when Carmela Bousada, 67, gave birth to twins in January 2007 after lying about her age to the doctors who gave her in vitro fertilization. Whereas fertility declines along with testosterone levels as men age, it doesn't drop to zero.

Still, Jogi is definitely the exception rather than the rule. One study found that the odds of fatherhood for those under the age of 30 was 32.1 percent compared with 20 percent over the age of 50, signifying a 38 percent drop in male fertility across that age gap.

One study examined 97 men between the ages of 22 and 80 and found that as they aged their semen volume decreased by 0.001 ounce (0.03 milliliter) per year from an average total of 0.09 ounce (2.7 milliliters)  and their "total progressively motile sperm count"—a rough index for the fertility potential of one's sperm based on its movement—decreased about five percent with each year they aged.

Fisch and his colleagues have also found that the children of women over 35 whose babies' fathers were also of that age were more likely to have Down's syndrome than offspring whose fathers were younger.

In other studies, older men were more likely to father children with mental illness or other deficits. Roughly 11 children out of a thousand conceived by men over age 50 developed schizophrenia compared with under three children out of a thousand for fathers under 20 in one study from the Archives of General Psychiatry. And the children of men 40 years or older were nearly six times more likely to have autism spectrum disorders than kids begot by men under 30.

So do men's sperm get staler over time? To maintain sperm levels, cells known as germ cells must continue dividing. After all, men find ways to dispose of sperm—ahem—and once ejaculated they only survive for several days. By the age of 50, these germ cells will have divided 840 times. Each one of those divisions is an opportunity for something to go wrong. "There's more of a chance to have genetic abnormalities the more the cells divide," Fisch says. In sperm these mutations dot the genes with changes in the basic structure of the DNA—and can lead to problems in the resulting offspring.

7 Comments

1. 1. AtheistsAreTedious 09:29 PM 6/26/08

   Look like you have a typo, "for those under the age of 30 was 32.1 percent compared with 20 percent over the age of 50, signifying a 38 percent drop". 32.1 - 20 is not 38.

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2. 2. SciCat 11:11 PM 6/26/08

   What a maroon. Atheists may be tedious, but at least we aren't idiots. 32.1 - 20 = 12.1 ; 12.1/32.1 = .377 = 37.7% which rounds up to 38%. Maybe if you actually paid attention in school you wouldn't be a Theist.
   
   --
   Edited by SciCat at 06/26/2008 4:12 PM

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3. 3. FatBear 05:23 AM 6/28/08

   Women reach a point (menopause) where fertility ends. Men do not have such a definitive termination in fertility, it just declines. The probability of successful fertilization declines. But a low probability is not a zero probability, so of course it is remotely possible that a 90 year old man could father a child. The amazing thing isn't that his sperm was able to fertilize the egg, the amazing thing is that he could get it there.

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4. 4. piero.gamberini 05:00 PM 6/28/08

   Once upon a time girls used to have their first pregnancy at an age which today would be an evidence of offence. The advantages of our civilisation...

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5. 5. anniepema 04:37 PM 6/30/08

   Thank you for this excellent article, if up to one third of all schizophrenia and autism is caused by new DNA mutations in sperm it is time for the public to be informed. Your article will help doctors and teachers accept that they have held the wrong ideas about male age and reproduction.

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6. 6. marlin 04:04 AM 7/16/08

   “Natural selection maximizes vigor in youth at the expense of vigor later on and thereby produce a declining vigor” (= senescence) during adult life. Selection will act to minimize rate of the decline whenever possible. A probable reason for men age 35 above to have higher risk of damage to germ cells (not at a later age) is a relaxed selection against senescence hence an increase rate of decline in reproductive ability.

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7. 7. Kurt0sis 03:00 PM 6/16/11

   "Can men prevent this damage? No, but they may be able to mitigate it. There are factors within men's control that can accelerate adverse effects: alcohol, smoking, drugs and environmental pollution—even coffee consumption. So avoid them, says Singh."
   
   ;coffee consumption' or caffeine consumption? Big difference, especially for all us tea drinkers.

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