From the book The Day the World Discovered the Sun, by Mark Anderson.  Reprinted by arrangement with Da Capo Lifelong, a member of the Perseus Books Group.  Copyright © 2012.

Tobolsk, Siberia
June 6, 1761
The cloud bank to the east glowed red. Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche had been living at his mountaintop observatory, avoiding contact with the superstitious townsfolk and instead looking to the skies. His lot, he'd surmised, was not to make inroads with the locals but rather, as a fellow French philosophe put it, to make "a communication of flying bridges, as it were, that reunite one continent with another and pursue all the tracks of the Sun."

Three days before, Chappe had pointed his nineteen-foot telescope at a solar eclipse, recording in his logbook the exact moment when the eclipse ended. His pendulum clock—which he'd previously set to noon when the sun reached its highest altitude in the sky—read 6:11 am and 4 seconds. He'd already calculated that the same solar eclipse would be visible in St. Petersburg as well. So when he later returned through Russia's capital city en route to Paris, Chappe could then compare notes with observers there. Since the eclipse ended at the same instant, whether seen from Tobolsk or St. Petersburg, the difference in time between these geographically separated measurements was exactly the difference in longitude between the locales. Chappe derived that Tobolsk was 65.8490 degrees east of the National Observatory in Paris. (Today, Chappe's longitude would be written as 68.1862 degrees east of the prime meridian, the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. By either standard, Chappe's error was an impressive 0.0719 degrees or 4.3 arc minutes—translating to 3 miles at Tobolsk's latitude.)

The night before the transit, all looked calm. "The sky was clear," Chappe recalled. "The sun sunk below the horizon free from all vapors. The mild glimmering of the twilight and the perfect stillness of the universe completed my satisfaction and added to the serenity of my mind."

By morning, however, the 4:30 sunrise had brought a dark veil. Clouds loitered. As the increasingly cloudy and sleepless night progressed, Chappe paced the observatory floor. His assistants, whom Chappe had woken earlier in the night, left their master alone—knowing they'd only be needed if clear skies returned. "I found myself relieved by their absence," Chappe wrote.

Soon after dawn, Chappe heard a commotion outside. Tobolsk's governor, the local archbishop, and some nobles had assembled at the new observatory to take in the heavenly spectacle. The first light of day shone upon the French visitor whose anxiety grew with each troubled glance at the clouded-over sky.

"The idea of returning to France, after a fruitless voyage, of having exposed myself in vain to a variety of dangers," he recalled, "[with every] expectation of success, which I was now deprived of by a cloud...threw me into such a situation as can only be felt."

Chappe had instructed his assistants to set up a tent outside the observatory with the secondary telescope. The arrangement provided all they'd need to view the transit—but still permit Chappe to perform his own delicate observations with the privacy he demanded.

As the dawn's blush gave way to early morning light, an easterly wind peeled back the top layers obscuring the sun. And with the increasing transparency, the mood both inside the observatory and in the nearby tent lightened. "The clouds began to exhibit a whitish color, which grew brighter at every instant," Chappe wrote. "A pleasing satisfaction diffused itself through all my frame and inspired me with a new kind of life."

To everyone's pleasant surprise, the residents of Tobolsk—so vocal in their opposition to the Frenchman's entourage weeks before—had shut themselves up in their houses and churches, some fearing God's imminent wrath. Today, the armed guards assigned to protect Chappe proved an unnecessary precaution. Chappe instead enlisted their help in moving his nineteen-foot telescope out onto the lawn.

6 Comments

1. 1. way2ec 03:24 PM 6/2/12

   Nice piece of writing!

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2. 2. RSchmidt 09:39 PM 6/3/12

   The more things change, the more they remain the same. 252 years later we still have religious nut jobs claim that god will punish us for asking questions about the universe. The illusion is that all humanity has progressed from the dark ages where everything, every event was a direct message, a direct threat, from god to man. The fact is, only a handful of humanity has moved on, the rest are still cowering in their hovels, voting republican.

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3. 3. Geopelia 10:31 PM 6/3/12

   Captain Cook was looking at the same event, from Whitianga, New Zealand.

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4. 4. elderlybloke 05:49 AM 6/4/12

   Dear Geopella,
   Captain Cook observed the transit of Venus in June 1769 on Tahiti and the transit of Mercury in November 1769 at Whitianga.
   He was not in the Pacific in 1761

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5. 5. ErnestPayne 08:21 AM 6/5/12

   Fascinating. Thank you. The voyages of Cook and his observations are well known and published. This is the first I have read of this astronomer and the event. As for the Siberian peasants? Apparently they all emigrated to the United States and their descendants continue their tradition of superstition and ignorance.

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6. 6. Geopelia in reply to ErnestPayne 10:18 AM 6/6/12

   Thank you. So it was Mercury Cook saw at Whitianga.
   
   I suppose in a hundred years time humans on Mars will watch the transit of Earth.
   
   Venus is almost the size as Earth. It looks so small against the sun.

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