Image: Jason Lugo/iStockphoto
-
The Wisdom of Psychopaths
In this engrossing journey into the lives of psychopaths and their infamously crafty behaviors, the renowned psychologist Kevin Dutton reveals that there is a...
Read More »
Men enrolled several years ago in studies of two different high-blood pressure drugs quickly developed potent side effects, yet the drug trials were not halted. In fact, today both drugs are highly successful money makers for the drug companies, Pfizer and Upjohn Corporation. The reason: men found the side effects of both drugs tolerable—indeed, delightful. Miraculously, both drugs answered man's ancient quest to boost masculinity. One, Viagra, cured erectile dysfunction and the other, Rogaine, fostered hair growth on the scalps of balding men. Moreover, the scientists conducting the experiments hadn't a clue that these high-blood-pressure drugs would deliver such welcome benefits.
Such serendipity is one of the most welcome experiences in science. In addition to providing the thrill of surprise, serendipitous events signal that we have leaned something new. Sometimes this knowledge comes from the most unlikely sources, which is what happened to me.
The Case of the Noisy Eyeballs
My story of scientific providence begins with a bizarre medical symptom: noisy eyeballs. That’s right. My eyes were making a horrid grating noise whenever they moved—a noise that only I could hear. I had the great fortune of meeting one of the few people who could understand my symptoms: Josef Rauschecker, a professor of physiology and biophysics at Georgetown University , and one of the world’s authorities on the auditory cortex. He suggested that my noisy eyeballs were triggered by serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Rauschecker explained that his recent brain scans of people suffering from tinnitus, a constant ringing in the ears, show that a particular part of their brain—the nucleus accumbens—is smaller than normal. This nugget of nerve cells helps to regulate the flow of sensory information to the cerebral cortex via another major relay center, the thalamus.
In this sense, the nucleus accumbens is like a valve on a water faucet, as it prevents an overload of sensory input from reaching our conscious mind. Controlling the flow of information is important for attention and anxiety and for suppressing unwanted noise. That guy yapping on his cell phone, oblivious to the conversations around him, is an example of the nucleus accumbens in action. All he hears is the person talking on the phone; he is deaf to sounds in his other ear, because his nucleus accumbens shuts off the input to his auditory cortex. In contrast, people suffering from tinnitus are unable to shut off the irritating noise because of their feeble nucleus accumbens valve.
The same sensory shutoff function is also essential for sleep. Levels of serotonin, which modulates the activity of the nucleus accumbens, also fluctuate in the sleep-wake cycle, and serotonin is a well-known sleep aid. The sleep centers of the brain (raphe nuclei) connect to the nucleus accumbens. The emotional center of the brain (amygdala) also connects to it. Inputs to the nucleus accumbens from both the emotional and sleep centers of our brain explain why our sensations sharpen with arousal and stress but are blunted by sleepiness.
Normally, dysfunctional noise gets filtered out. For example, the thunderous sounds in our head caused by talking or chewing would disrupt hearing if they were not shut off before reaching the auditory cortex. In cases of people who have tinnitus, doctors may someday prescribe a small dose of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs—the same ones used for treating depression—a bit of serotonin or the diet supplement tryptophan, which the body uses to make serotonin.
Are Sulfites to Blame?
Last year, I wrote an article about my noisy eyeballs and serotonin for Scientific American Mind. I then began getting a steady stream of e-mails and letters from readers around the world admitting secretly to experiencing all manner of bizarre brain mix-ups.
See what we're tweeting about
6 Comments
Add CommentI wonder if there is any relationship between this information and schizophrenia.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisWhat is it with SciAm? Why do you have to do articles where the science is distilled to, "if it is found that this action happens, then it could be a great finding"??? This isn't a scientific article, it is the author tooting their own horn... what a waste of space. Do some research and publish a scientific paper.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisRegarding SSRI's and tinnitus, I have been taking somewhat large doses of flouxetine for 12 years and it has had no effect on my tinnitus at all.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisdope is for dopes
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thislisten to your body
B.P.
Ductileironman raises an interesting question: what is science? "...do some research..." he orders. Actually, doing experiments is not science. The scientific method is a rigorous sequence of 5 steps: 1. observation, 2. state a hypothesis, 3. devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, 4. obtain and analyze the results, 5. draw conclusions from the results about the validity of the hypothesis. We are at step 3. Yes, we now need to do experiments, and the essential question is: what experiments? From my perspective as a scientist, a teacher, and a manager of scientists, I have observed that excelling in steps 1 and 2 is what separates scientists from technicians. Many ordinary people, who do not think of themselves as scientists, because they pursue another profession, are gifted scientists because they are keen observers blessed with questioning minds. I believe this IS a true science story--science in action. Once we have the answer, the science is done; so what most readers accept as science writing is really history packaged as news.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisI agree. It's kinda annoying when I wanna learn and there's not much content. I also think it would be cool if they showed the brain and the specific areas they were speaking about. I know where the temporal lobe is, but definitely not the nucleus accumbens.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to this