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President Barack Obama’s talk about the need for a “smart grid” sounds, well, smart. What’s not to like about the idea of an electricity grid that can work at top efficiency? By wrapping power transmission lines in advanced information technologies and the Internet, a smart grid would enable us to integrate alternative energy sources such as rooftop solar panels and local wind turbines into the power supply, balance supply with demand and optimize the flow of power to each consumer—even down to the level of individual appliances. It would vastly improve the reliability, availability and efficiency of the electric system. As currently envisaged, however, it’s a dangerously dumb idea.
The problem is cybersecurity. Achieving greater efficiency and control requires hooking almost every aspect of the electricity grid up to the Internet—from the smart meter that will go into each home to the power transmission lines themselves. Connecting what are now isolated systems to the Internet will make it possible to gain access to remote sites through the use of modems, wireless networks, and both private and public networks. And yet little is being done to make it all secure.
The grid is already more open to cyberattacks than it was just a few years ago. The federal government has catalogued tens of thousands of reported vulnerabilities in the 200,000-plus miles of high-voltage transmission lines, thousands of generation plants and millions of digital controls. Utilities and private power firms have failed to install patches in security software against malware threats. Information about vendors, user names and passwords has gone unsecured. Logon information is sometimes unencrypted. Some crucial systems allow unlimited entry attempts from outside.
As the power industry continues to invest in information technology, these vulnerabilities will only get worse. Smart meters with designated public IP addresses may be susceptible to denial of service attacks, in which the devices are overwhelmed with spurious requests—the same kind of attacks now made on Web sites. Such an attack could result in loss of communication between the utility and meters—and the subsequent denial of power to your home or business.
The smart grid would also provide hackers with a potential source of private information to steal. Just as they use phishing attacks to elicit passwords, credit-card numbers and other data stored on home computers, hackers could find ways of intercepting customer data from smart meters. A sophisticated burglar might use these data to figure out when you’re away on vacation, the better to rob your house.
Customer data could also give hackers a way to bring down the grid. Smart meters injected with malware, for instance, could disrupt the grid just as networks of PC botnets—home computers hijacked by viruses—now disrupt the Internet. A network of drone smart meters could cause a swath of the grid to power down, throwing off the grid’s electrical load. The imbalance would send large flows of electricity back to generators, severely damaging them or even blowing them up.
A smart grid isn’t a bad idea if we build cybersecurity into it from the start. But we’re not doing that. Under the smart grid funding programs, part of the fiscal stimulus package, the government has released $3.4 billion for a nationwide smart grid and plans to spend more than $4 billion more, but the Department of Energy has only recently begun to address the security requirements. So far utilities have been so focused on tamping costs that they haven’t been willing to pay for robust across-the-board security measures. Regulation alone won’t be enough.
What we need is a partnership among the standards setters, the regulators and industry to build security into the system from the ground up. These measures would include procedures for assessing the security of smart grid devices and other systems, for certifying personnel and business processes, and for compensating power companies for their security investment. We also need more research into improving the security of computer chips and other hardware that gets installed in the grid. We need a plan to deal with grid failures. We need international cooperation and research into forensic technology to deal with attacks from abroad. The energy sector could take a page from financial firms, which do a good job of ensuring that Internet-based transactions are secure. We do not need to abandon the idea of a smart grid. But we need to be much smarter in planning it—with cybersecurity as a key element, not an afterthought.
This article was originally published with the title Power Hackers.
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35 Comments
Add CommentThanks to Melissa Hathaway for her piece on how absurdly insecure our power systems are. Many people around the world have been warning of foolish use of the Internet for important communications functions, but few listen.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIn the late '70s & early '80s, researchers warned Vint Cerf & his legion of grad students populating the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) that the Internet protocols (for conveying data & addresses) were excessively insecure. These honest critics were ignored. The Internet protocols (the TCP/IP family) as we know them were distributed freely with vendors' computers (e.g. Unix machines), providing easy opportunities for hackers around the world to do 'minor' things like steal millions of credit cards, or disrupt millions of personal computers at homes & businesses, all without identification.
Something like that isn't possible in other networking systems, such as the plain old telephone system, because identity is fixed by hardware -- our phone lines & cell phones have unique, unseen identifiers, so usage can be tracked. The Internet protocols were designed so that identity could be hidden! Reasonable folks might be surprised at that, just as network researchers were 30 years ago.
There are scientists now trying to restore sanity to the Internet by preventing malicious entry and requiring a physical ID be provided at the first connection point (switch) to the Internet, but there's still resistance. Perhaps we should ask all the Cerf folks to ante up payments for all the billions of $ their intentionally unwise design has cost people?
Otherwise, it would be great if Scientific American spent more time on the subject, with a researched article to educate readers & spur action. But, until then, tell power companies to use private networks, just as companies and even the Marines used to do.
--
Dr. Alexander Cannara
Menlo Park, Calif.
650-400-3071
I fail to understand how "The imbalance would send large flows of electricity back to the generators, severely damaging them or even blowing them up".
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisOther than that the article neglects to consider that the system deals with voltage spikes, short circuits, ground faults, etc. all the time and the protective relays that care of these events, are not connected to the Internet.
The Stuxnet worm appears to be a harbinger of things to come, unfortunately. Once vulnerabilities in these systems are introduced, unfriendly people will look for ways to exploit them. At the moment, this policy doesn't appear to be "smart". The fact that political leaders are now asking for a "kill switch" for the internet is not reassuring. In this case we appear to have outsmarted ourselves, and now would be a good time to put a brake on it and ask the hard questions that need to be answered before moving forward. I am not reassured that our political leadership is falling back to the old IT joke of "Turn it off and turn it back on again" to help guarantee the security of critical infrastructure.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisWell said - thanks! The actual losses sustained by companies' inadequate security measures and naive early adoption of 'open standards' for sensitive information will never be known: many companies hid their losses in shame and fear of stock market impacts.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisHopefully this same naïveté won't be repeated for even more critical power grid control systems.
It's a scary thought that many of our critical controls systems are using an open-source technology such as TCP/IP (v4/v6). What is even more scary is that the current administration wants to tie our energy infrastructure together using new 'off-the-shelf' products. Even if a 'new' systems are developed, do we want all our 'eggs in one basket'? I think one of the big problems is our information highway. At least once a year China and Russia conduct highly successful 'intrusion drills' into our military and other government systems. At the same time, many of our 'embeded' systems are being manufactured in China, India, and other foreign countries. There have been instances of microcode being used to gather information via foreign manufactured routers. I don't think the Internet was ever intended to be a closed information loop and that is what makes it so great. What is needed is a new closed protocol to include hardware and software of a propriety nature to be used in the military and critical energy environments. These new systems would be non-exportable and totally manufactured and developed in the U.S. I believe it's too late to try to retrofit the old 'DARPA' technology to our current situation. Also beware of 'Tunneling' special protocols over IP it seems even these methods have been compromised.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThanks,
Rich Lisanti
I think that what is needed is a new protocol to have hardware and software of a propriety nature to be used in the military and critical energy environments. Also we need some way to keep our <a href="www.opendrive.com">online storage</a> secure.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIts well known how to setup a secure network. But hardly anyone does it. It actually isn't that hard or expensive if you setup dedicated machines that are only for the grid. All the security protocols exist and are easy to setup. The problem is that nobody in charge ever demands that it gets done. They'd rather cut a few small corners now and pay for a huge mistake later, well not the leaders (they are off collecting huge bonuses and pensions when the sh1t hist the fan). I mean the American people pay later.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisYou lost me at President Barack Obama.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisHere's a clue to the new editors: while you're in the midst of this staff change, how about dropping the Politics and Christian-bashing and just report on Science.
There's a whole UNIVERSE out there, stop being so Partisan.
I work for an electric utility and on a SmartGrid project. None of our electrical system equipment connects to the internet, including the intelligent grid equipment we are installing now and it never will. The assumption that it does is completely wrong. I find it hard to believe that other electric utilities elsewhere in the US do, but realize it may be possible.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThis is a good idea,but before we introduce something unique like this we have to thoroughly know about the hardware and the software....
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As Ms. Hathaway spells out, the smart grid will depend on smart communications networks. She makes a compelling point that these smart broadband networks will have to provide a level of confidence regarding cyberthreats to utilities and their electric power customers that is on par with that of Internet-based financial transactions.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisHow best to achieve this result? Ms. Hathaway suggests a broad public-private partnership involving a range of governmental agencies, standards-setting bodies and private companies to develop approaches to making the smart grid a reality. In sharp contrast, elsewhere in the same issue, this magazine endorses turning the broadband Internet over to the FCC to regulate under a section of the Communications Act modeled on 19th century railroad regulation. Ms. Hathaway’s approach appears far more likely to harness the right knowledge and talents and to produce the right results.”
Steve Oldham
President and CEO, SureWest Communications
and
Chairman, U.S. Telecom Assocation
Are smart grids connected to the Internet or do they merely use Internet based technologies? This article says the former, but I suspect the latter, which of course isn't a good situation to be in either. Sounds like products for smart grids are being designed to be interchangeable just like computer components are. This leads to low levels of security, but flexibility in terms of which products can be used on a given grid. The government better step in on this before viruses or trojans start bringing down grids.
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I read with interest Ms. Hathaway’s article entitled, “Power Hackers.” Having been involved in the automation and control of electric power systems for over 35 years, I have the following comments.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisWe all agree that attention to cyber security is very important as we apply modern communication technologies to the electric power system. Vulnerabilities must be avoided with forethought and careful design. However, it is not helpful to overstate the vulnerability or understate the reliability of our present electric power system.
The current U.S. electric power system is arguable the largest engineered system in the world and one of the most reliable. Contrary to Ms. Hathaway’s statements and recent newspaper articles, there are virtually no examples of “hacking” causing mis-operation of our electric power system. In fact, the “millions of digital controls” cited by Ms. Hathaway are, for the most part, not even connected to the internet and are inaccessible to hackers.
Should we insist on rigorous designs that deny hackers access to power system controls – absolutely yes! Should we achieve this objective by misstating the current vulnerabilities – absolutely not! Our electric power system has served us well and is a model for the rest of the world. We do need new construction, improved communications, more automation, and new energy sources. All this can be achieved by careful thought and good engineering, not by inflammatory or inaccurate rhetoric.
Ms. Hathaway’s main point is accurate – we must avoid adding vulnerability in the rush to develop a “smart grid.” In fact, the present power system is a model of reliability that we must carefully preserve.
B. Don Russell, Ph.D., P.E.
Distinguished Professor, Texas A&M University
Chair, Electric Power and Energy Systems Engineering, National Academy of Engineering
Past President, IEEE Power and Energy Society
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I have been an on and off reader of S.A. since I was a child and have loved it, however this article makes me question my loyalty. I am a System Protection Engineer for a major transmission company in the north east, which is why this article irritates me so much. This article would be accurate if not for one small error; the writer is assuming that our countries smart grid will be deployed on the open internet. This is simply not the case. The rules that regulate our line procetion relays, digital fault recorders, SCADA systems(the list goes on), are all required to be on dedicated netword systems that have extremely limited access to the outside world. These rules by no means ensure a completly safe system, but is far from the alarmest response presented in this article.
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