We blast the upbeat tunes for parties and workouts at the gym, and we save the low-key ballads for romantic or pensive moments. It’s hardly a new idea that music is intertwined with our emotions. But how have our favorites changed over the decades, and what do these changes say about America’s shifting emotional landscape?

Music is a form of naturalistic data that, much like popular television, literature, and sales of consumer goods, scientists can sample for insight into our minds and values. Researchers E. Glenn Schellenberg and Christian von Scheve set out to examine songs popular in America during the last five decades, using a selection culled from Billboard Magazine’s Hot 100 charts. Schellenberg and von Scheve wanted to learn how emotional cues in music, such as tempo (slow to fast) and mode (major or minor key), have changed since 1960.

The most striking finding is the change in key. Songs composed in a major key tend to sound warm and effervescent (think “We Can Work it Out” by the Beatles, released in 1965), whereas songs in a minor key can sound darker and more melancholic (think “Boulevard of Broken Dreams” by Green Day, released in 2005). Over the last few decades, popular songs have switched from major to minor keys: In the 1960s, 85 percent of the songs were written in a major key, compared with only about 40 percent of them now. Broadly speaking, the sound has shifted from bright and happy to something more complicated. It’s important to note, though, that although older songs were frequently in a major key, this didn’t necessarily mean the lyrics were cheerful (e.g., The Fifth Dimension’s 1969 “Wedding Bell Blues” tells the tale of a woman longing for her wedding day, despite being in major key). Similarly, Shakira’s “Hips Don’t Lie” hit from 2006 is in minor key, but it relates the tension and fiery lust between two potential lovers.

America’s popular songs have also become slower and longer. When the researchers analyzed the beats per minutes (BPM) of each song, they found a decrease from an average 116 BPM in the 1960s to approximately 100 BPM in the 2000s. Songs in the 1960s tended to run under three minutes, whereas more recent hits are longer, around four minutes on average.

Even more interesting, perhaps, is that our current favorites are more likely to be emotionally ambiguous (such as sad-sounding songs being fast or happy-sounding songs being slow – compare “Disturbia,” Rihanna’s fast-paced dance song, which is in a minor key, to Alicia Keys’ emotional ballad “No One,” which is in a major key but clocks in at a relatively slow 90 BPM). Perhaps, the researchers suggest, today’s listeners are more musically sophisticated. Other studies in the past have linked music preferences to personality traits, such as a preference for sadder music being tied to more empathy, openness to experience, and less extroversion.

Other research by C. Nathan DeWall and his colleagues used linguistic analysis to show that popular song lyrics became more self-focused and antisocial (i.e., violent, more profanity) between 1980 and 2007, a psychological shift that may have translated into changes for musical elements of songs. Brooding, introspective songs are unlikely to be party anthems, for example, so they may be more down-tempo. Schellenberg and von Scheve also suggest that artists may employ minor keys and compose slower songs to give them an air of maturity. After all, it’s children’s music that is usually happy, and many musicians known for bubbly, feel-good tunes (e.g., Jonas Brothers) are relegated to the pre-teen shelves at the store.

3 Comments

1. 1. hanmeng 08:27 AM 11/13/12

   Here's a criticism of one aspect of the DeWall paper:
   http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3080

   Reply | Report Abuse | Link to this

2. 2. druxandra in reply to hanmeng 08:53 AM 11/13/12

   very good counter-argument. Looking at those graphs, it appears there is a 4 year pattern. Also that there was an outburst of I, me and mine between 1992 - 2004 (perhaps coinciding with personal computers and internet as mediums of comm) that appears now to tone down.

   Reply | Report Abuse | Link to this

3. 3. Leanne, Pendulum In Action 04:14 PM 11/13/12

   Oh wow - well observed, especially Druxandra's notice of the outburst of "I, me and mine" in the run up to 2004. Hadn't realized other people had clocked onto this - I'm actually working on a project for a couple of authors (Michael R. Drew and Roy H. Williams) who have written a book on these patterns (it's called Pendulum). They looked at 3000 years of trends - in music, politics, social values + popular culture - and found that things swing every 40 years between a 'Me' cycle (where society predominantly values individualism, self expression + personal liberty) and a 'We' cycle (where the value is on community + relationships). The last Me Cycle was from 1963 - 2003, which really fits with Druxandra's observation! Someone actually wrote a blog post about the music patterns after reading it and pinged it on our Facebook wall yesterday - it's how Bruce Springsteen's career evolved with the Pendulum patterns. Worth checking out if you're into the music shifts: http://www.brandlikearockstar.com/blog/?p=1177
   
   Also if you want a free copy of the book, Pendulum, to learn more about these 40 year patterns in music and popular culture, you can get it from here (just chip in $7 for S&H): http://www.penduluminaction.com/the-theory

   Reply | Report Abuse | Link to this