Highest-energy supernovae might look quite spectacular from a planet orbiting the exploding star, but any civilization would most likely be obliterated.
Image: Illustration by Ron Miller
In Brief
- In recent years several supernovae have turned out to be more powerful and long-lasting than any observed before.
- Archival images showed that the stars that gave rise to some supernovae were about 100 times as massive as the sun: according to accepted theory, stars this big were not supposed to explode.
- Some supernovae may have been thermonuclear explosions triggered by the creation of pairs of particles of matter and antimatter.
- The first generation of stars in the universe, which created the materials that later formed planets, may have exploded through a similar mechanism.
More In This Article
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Overview
How Large Stars Die [Animation]
In the middle of 2005 the W. M. Keck observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii completed an upgrade of one of its giant twin telescopes. By automatically correcting for atmospheric turbulence, the instrument could now produce images as sharp as those from the Hubble Space Telescope. Shrinivas Kulkarni of the California Institute of Technology urged young Caltech researchers—myself among them—to apply for observing time. Once the rest of the astronomy community realized how terrific the telescopes were, he warned us, securing a slot would become very competitive.
Taking this advice, I teamed up with my then fellow postdocs Derek Fox and Doug Leonard to attempt a type of study that previously had been carried out almost solely with the Hubble: hunting for supernova progenitors. In other words, we wanted to know what stars look like when they are about to explode.
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16 Comments
Add CommentWhen particles (AURA) of our Sun collide with particles (AURA) of our Earth we associate this as heat and light not fire.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisWhen particles of Earth collide we call this heat, light, fire.
Fire ( supernovae ) as we see it, is the collision of many small particles.
A reaction causing an atomic reaction that causes a gas (oxygen) to enter into reverse evolution where expedient cell division takes place in which each new cell is smaller than the last.
The phenomenon fire is the collision of these chaotic particles.
When some one say's your a ball of fire, well you really, really are! #27 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-far-far-future-of-stars
In the article, Mr. Gal-Yam states that two photons (which are massless) convert into an electron and positron pair. Since these particle have mass, doesn't that mean that the Higgs boson was also created to give the particles their mass?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisE=mc^2
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisGood thing those early supernovas exploded, creating heavier elements that make up the planets in our later solar system.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisOtherwise earth wouldn't be here.
And neither would we.
page 104 from my book:The primary means by which stars with the mass of our sun (as well as those with lesser mass) convert hydrogen into helium is
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisvia a process called the proton-proton chain. During the first stepin this process, two hydrogen nuclei are fused to form deuterium,an isotope of hydrogen that contains a neutron in its nucleus. This occurs as one of the up quarks within one of the fusing protons
is converted into a down quark, transforming the proton into aneutron. The Coulomb barrier is an intrastratum restriction, which is overcome via the combined interstratum reinforcement of the gravitational forces of the dark matter and baryonic matter strata.
This results in the contraction of both strata, which induces an interaction between the (relatively weaker) electroweak force of the dark matter stratum and the electromagnetic and weak forces of the baryonic stratum. In essence, both strata are forced into an unstable and temporary state of symmetry that is broken when an up
quark is transformed into a down quark (and a positron is created)via the weak force. This induced symmetry can only happen when there is enough concentration of both dark and baryonic matter to sufficiently contract both strata. Brown dwarfs are unable to
contract the strata enough to induce interstratum symmetry, and consequently, they are unable to sustain nuclear reactions.
It is already known that the strength of the weak force approaches that of (cont)
of the electromagnetic force at high energies. Within the cores of stars, the combined gravitational influence of the dark and baryonic matters induces symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak forces. In addition, bistratum gravitational symmetry, then induces symmetry between these baryonic stratum forces and the electroweak force of the dark matter stratum. This force (page 105)symmetry arises from a stratum-dependent variation in the
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thiscontraction of space and dilation of time, operating within the two uppermost strata. In isolation, dark matter does not contract space and dilate time in the same manner as baryonic matter because of the stratum-dependent variation in parameters (for example, the constants c and G). Because the strengths of the gravitational force and the derived forces vary with distance, the dark matter stratum must contract disproportionately, more than the baryonic stratum, for bistratum symmetry between the forces to be achieved. The end result is that a dark matter particle is imbued with a great deal of energy and becomes unstable. Energetic particles have greater momentum and oscillate more rapidly through the strata. It is this which permits the exchange of mass (in the form of antimatter) or energy from the dark matter stratum to the baryonic stratum.
Under normal circumstances, dark matter oscillates only
within the two lower substrata, which has only eight dimensions of space-time. It is induced to oscillate into the baryonic stratum(and its twelve-dimensional space-time geometry) upon symmetry breaking between the forces of the two uppermost strata. This permits the momentum (which is conserved) of our energetic dark matter particle to be redistributed from two strata to the three in which baryonic matter oscillates. The combined action of the dark matter’s electroweak force and the electromagnetic and weak forces of the baryonic stratum forces makes this possible and induces re-expansion of both strata as well. Bi-stratum force symmetry ceases as parametric asymmetry operating within the two stratainduces this disproportionate re-expansion of both strata. It is in this manner that nuclear reactions produce positrons (as well as other antiparticles regardless how the bi-stratum force symmetry is achieved, whether in stellar processes or in collider experiments),
(page 106)which are created and permitted to annihilate with electrons in the solar plasma.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisAs was mentioned previously, the Coulomb barrier is an
intrastratum restriction, and it is induced interstratum force symmetry that makes the proton-proton chain reaction possible.
Nuclear reactions are a means by which interstratum interaction produces the high-quality energy that is made available for
intrastratum gradient reduction. This is accomplished, as one of the protons in the proton-proton chain reaction is converted to a neutron, with the simultaneous production of a positron and electron neutrino (Kutner and Caroll). The W+ particle is the elementary particle that mediates the weak force in nuclear fusion reactions.
This particle is produced through induced bistratum symmetry, and it oscillates through the tristratum structure in a differentmanner than does the photon. Its oscillation through the tristratum structure takes a more complicated path. Unlike the photon, it does
not simply oscillate back and forth from the baryonic stratum down through to the dark energy stratum (and repeating the process to form one interstratum wavelength). Instead, during interstratum
oscillation, the W+ particle initially materializes within the dark matter stratum when interstratum symmetry is induced. This occurs as one of the up quarks oscillating through the tristratum structure
transforms into a down quark during materialization within the dark matter stratum. During this metamorphosis, a W+ particle materializes within the dark matter stratum. The W+ particle then oscillates down through to the dark energy stratum (where it then
materializes) and then successively materializes within the dark matter and baryonic matter strata. It then oscillates in the reverse direction through the three strata, and after materializing in the dark energy stratum, it then materializes in the dark matter stratum... from my book The Short Range Antigravitational Force and the Hierarchically Stratified Space-time Geometry in 12 Dimensions.
In response to Christinaak,Beautiful Landscape & art in the few factual words you described,the "Lost Dice of Gravito-Magnetic " Phonon's, deciphered component of the Cascade of events in the LOG- thats what you factually expressed, if the interpretation focused from Time Reversal Pairing in Cosmology and Experimental- Mathematical Physics.Wish you a Nobel Price,keep it up.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisMy hypothesis is that there is a homologous relationship between the space-time geometries of the three types of matter (dark energy, dark matter, baryonic matter). I also suggest that there are differences in geometry between these three types, that restrict interaction between them except gravitationally under normal circumstances. The space-time geometry of baryonic matter has 3 strata comprised of 12 dimensions (9 space and 3 time,)and the 3 different time dimensions arise as a consequence of stratum-dependent variations in the constant c. The geometry of dark matter has two strata comprised of 8 dimensions (6 space and 2 time), and the dark matter stratum is the source of all antimatter. Antimatter particles are produced as a dark matter particle that normally only oscillates thru the 8 dimensional structure previously described is 'forced' to oscillate into the 12 dimensional structure of baryonic matter (becoming a positron), as a consequence of strong gravitational interaction between the dark matter and baryonic matter located in the vicinity of a star's core during nucleosynthesis.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIn the more massive stars I am suggesting that the even stronger gravitational interaction between the dark matter and baryonic matter located in the vicinity of the star's core causes a more rapid transformation of dark matter particles into antimatter than in less massive stars (causing the dark matter particles to cease only oscillating within its normal 8 dimensional structure -6 space, 2 time, and to begin oscillating into the 12 dimensional structure -9 space, 3 time associated with baryonic matter at an accelerated rate). In other words these "Antimatter Powered Supernovae" mentioned in the above article are produced from the mutual annihilation of baryonic matter with a large amount of dark matter that has been converted into antimatter.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThings are smaller than what you have been lead to believe, we only see the results of these. All cells are basicly the same and to see with your very own eyes you must explore larger cells.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisUnknown to education and science are the true workings of dark matter, gravity, antimater, fire, water, air, light, magnetism, sound, sight, cold, hot. electricity, earthquakes, tides–and I could go on and on. I ask you, without knowing the truth of such things, how in bloody H can one determine the simple operations of whats called supernovae!
http://www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=11418
In response to the Brilliant christinaak,I am writing EMPERICAL TESTED GEOMETRIES of Extended Version of the Mathematical Equation's of GR,yyou are puzzeled and confused, you are trying to express your WISDOM, I will assist you in my humble mental ability,Grasp it,
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThe space-time geometry of baryonic matter has 3 strata comprised of 11 dimensions (8 space and 3 time,)and the 3 different time dimensions arise as a consequence of stratum-dependent "NO VARIATION" in the constant c , but add the speed of the GRAVITON--c 8-c9-c10,to the LOG of the speed of light, The geometry of dark matter has two strata comprised of integrated and combination simulultaneously in 9,10&11 " TORSION CREATING Dimensions", and the dark matter stratum is the source of the missing link of the standard model ,THE HIGGS PARTICLE, Please study Einstein,GR.Equations,it is explicitly detailed on the structure and parameters applicable, and in accordance constructing ordered sequence (creating a chronology),ANTI_MATTER DOES NOT EXIST.
CHEERS AND CO-OPERATE
Anselm, actually I think that a stratum-dependent variation in the constant c is an essential characteristic of any hypothesized, extra dimensions of time. A variation in c means that there is a stratum dependent variation in time dilation and space contraction for particles as they oscillate through their given stratified space-time geometry (3 strata hypothesized for baryonic matter and 2 strata for dark matter). Perhaps many of the mysteries of quantum behavior including entanglement may be explained. There may be a stratum dependent variation in the velocity of information exchange between entangled particles that is explained by a small increase in the velocity c as particles oscillate through the lower strata of their corresponding multistratum space-time geometry.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisSpecial Relativity replaces the separate concepts of absolute space and absolute time with the concept of absolute space-time (which arises as a consequence of the finite speed of light). In accordance with the notion of absolute space-time, the extra time dimensions that I propose exist, must be united with spacial dimensions other than the three we are most familiar with (the three which I include in the baryonic matter stratum of my model), Each strata has its own grouping of 4 space-time dimensions (3 space, 1 time), and the structure of absolute space-time changes from one strata to the next, as a consequence of the stratum dependent variation in the constant c (there is a stratum dependent variation in the constants G and h as well). The ultimate result is that there is a stratum dependent variation in relativistic effects as particles oscillate through the tri-stratum, hierarchical structure of 12 dimensional space-time.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisIn response to christinaaki,
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to this"actually I think that a stratum-dependent variation in the constant c is an essential characteristic of any hypothesized, extra dimensions of time"-
In Dynamic Space-time Cosmology Hierarchy - " Schrodinger"s Equation is a depth. into the inverse end of the "TIME TUNNEL" ,BASIC Base of the inverse LOG,The Potential Differential between the highest Kinetic Energy and the Lowest Potential ENERGY,MEASURED at the FIRST INSTANT of QUANTUM TIME measured as " FIRST QUANTA OF Planck TIME" Quantized to the fifth Degree or higher ,is the moment of 'Time FREEZE ( if verified now ) , which can now be observed in the "FIFTH DIMENSION" THROUGH RELEVANT DESIGNED TELESCOPE'S AND INSTRUMENTS, THE SPEED OF LIGHT PHYSICALLY MEASURED in 5 Dimension's DYNAMIC SPACE TIME, IS THE "CUBE " C3! ----is this the variation in the stratum-dependent variation in the constant c ??
Please Analyse focused and deep thought the following,--
Analogue of Newton's law is Schrödinger's equation for a quantum system, usually atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles; free, bound, or localized. It is not a simple algebraic equation, but (in general) a linear partial differential equation. The differential equation encases the wavefunction of the system, also called the quantum state or state vector.
In the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, the wavefunction is the most complete description that can be given to a physical system. Solutions to Schrödinger's equation describe not only molecular, atomic, and subatomic systems, but also macroscopic systems, possibly even the whole universe.[1]
Like Newton's Second law, the Schrödinger equation can be mathematically transformed into other formulations such as Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, and Richard Feynman's path integral formulation. Also like Newton's Second law, the Schrödinger equation describes time in a way that is inconvenient for relativistic theories, a problem that is not as severe in matrix mechanics and completely absent in the path integral formulation
Thank you and please follow-up.
Anselm I do not think that the velocity c in the lower strata of my model has to be significantly higher in order to produce significant effects. For example, from the viewpoint of a hypothetical observer in either of the lower strata (the dark energy or dark matter stratum) a photon that we might observe in the baryonic matter stratum traveling at the accepted velocity for the speed of light, would be traveling at less than the velocity c when oscillating through these lower strata. This means that from the perspective of the hypothetical observer located in either of the lower strata, that a photon would have mass. It also means that a virtual photon exchange between entangled photons can exceed the traditional value for constant c when this exchange occurs in the lower two strata as the photons oscillate through them.
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