RESEARCH

RESEARCH LEADER OF THE YEAR
Roderick MacKinnon
Professor of molecular neurobiology and biophysics, Rockefeller University; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Elucidated the structure and function of ion channels, particularly the potassium ion channel.

AEROSPACE
Larry Cornman and Robert Sharman
Project scientists, research applications program, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo.
Discovered an algorithm that allows aircraft radar to better detect turbulence.

AGRICULTURE
Joanne Chory
Professor of plant molecular and cellular biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Pinpointed a gene that may allow shaded plants to grow more productively.

AUTOMOTIVE
Khalil Amine
Group leader, Battery Technology Development, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill.
Made superior lithium-based batteries for hybrid vehicles and medical devices.

CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS
Thomas Szyperski
Associate professor of chemistry and biochemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo
Adapted nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to map a protein¿s atomic structure in hours, not days.

COMMUNICATIONS
David E. Culler
Professor of computer science, University of California, Berkeley; former director of the Berkeley laboratory of Intel Research
Field-tested networks of sensors for military and environmental applications.

COMPUTING
Armando Fox
Assistant professor of computer science, Stanford University
Showed how software could protect networks from disastrous crashes in individual servers.

DEFENSE
Frank X. Hursey
President, Z-Medica, Newington, Conn.
Developed a mineral sponge that stops soldiers' blood loss.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Richard Jefferson
Chair, Center for the Application of Molecular Biology to International Agriculture, Canberra, Australia
Helps innovators in the Third World develop biotechnologies.

ENERGY
James A. Dumesic
Professor of chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Pioneered economical catalysts for turning biomass into hydrogen fuel.

ENVIRONMENT
Daniel Pauly
Fisheries scientist, University of British Columbia
Advances the case for setting up marine reserves so that fisheries can make a comeback.

IMAGING
Philip E. Batson
Researcher, department of physical sciences, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, N.Y.
Demonstrated an electron microscope that can see objects smaller than an atom.

MANUFACTURING
David Grier
Professor of physics, New York University
Built arrays of optical tweezers that may eventually power micromachines.

MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
Roel Nusse
Professor of developmental biology, Stanford University School of Medicine; investigator, Howard Hughs Medical Institute
Purified a molecule that may help restore blood cells destroyed through chemotherapy.

MEDICAL TREATMENT
Bahige M. Baroudy and Chris Hitchcock
Baroudy, director, department of antiviral therapy, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, N.J., and Hitchcock, senior director of exploratory development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, England
Created drugs that blocked a receptor to prevent HIV from entering cells.

nanotechnology AND MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS
Charles Lieber
Professor of chemistry, Harvard University
Made nanowires, switches, sensors and lasers; fabricated electronic components and devices with features only billionths of a meter across.

PRIVACY AND security
Rakesh Agrawal
Fellow, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, Calif.
Devised methods to preserve the privacy of information in large databases.