Africa needs a green revolution. Food yields on the continent are roughly one metric ton of grain per hectare of cultivated land, a figure little changed from 50 years ago and roughly one third of the yields achieved on other continents. In low-income regions elsewhere in the world, the introduction of high-yield seeds, fertilizer and small-scale irrigation boosted food productivity beginning in the mid-1960s and opened the escape route from extreme poverty for huge populations. A similar takeoff in sub-Saharan Africa is both an urgent priority and a real possibility.

Until this change happens, Africa’s vast rural areas, which are home to two thirds of its population, will remain mired in poverty, hunger and high child mortality and will stay isolated from the world market economy. Proven technologies—high-yield seeds, new water-management techniques and ways to replenish soil nutrients—are already achieving three to five tons per hectare in many parts of Africa but too often only in small demonstration projects.

Currently tens of millions of African farmers, with hundreds of millions of dependents, are stuck living in subsistence conditions. They lack the savings or creditworthiness needed to buy better seed, fertilizer and water technology. They lack even minimal community infrastructure (roads, storage capacity and power) to participate profitably in the market economy, and so they cannot better their situations.

Until recently, donors sent only food aid in response to Africa’s deepening agricultural crisis. Now they are waking up to the one real solution: increased agricultural production through a homegrown African green revolution. It would require four kinds of temporary help: financing for better farming inputs, extension services to advise farmers on the new technologies, community nurseries to diversify production, and investments in infrastructure. Market-based techniques of financial management can also offer weather-risk insurance to the farm communities.

The time for action is ripe for several reasons. Most important among them is that African leaders themselves are prioritizing agriculture and often getting major increases in harvests and farm incomes as a result. Malawi has more than doubled its food output in just three years, following a bold government program to ensure that all farm households have subsidized access to fertilizers and high-yield seeds. Others are following that lead.

International institutions such as the World Bank have re­­turned to leadership on agriculture after years of waiting in vain for the markets alone to solve the problem. An internal review last year called on the World Bank and donors to “help design efficient mechanisms, including public-private partnerships, to provide farmers with critical inputs.”

New international donors have also stepped forward. The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, sponsored by the Gates and Rockefeller foundations, has given a massive boost to the agenda. Aid to Africa from the governments of wealthy countries has been promised to double between 2004 and 2010, and much of that should go to agriculture.

An additional reason speaks to the urgency for change: Africa’s vulnerability to food insecurity has skyrocketed. The population has outstripped the food supply. Climate change is already wreaking havoc on crop yields. Depletion of soil nutrients has reached crisis proportions. Soaring world food prices have put a crippling burden on Africa as a net food importer. This way lies disaster.

Here are bold but realistic goals that Africa and its donor partners can adopt: to double grain yields in Africa by 2012, to graduate at least three quarters of African smallholder farm households from subsistence to commercial farming within a decade, and to expand nutrition programs alongside increased food production to cut the ranks of the hungry by at least half by 2015.

7 Comments

1. 1. srchuck 05:11 PM 4/22/08

   Kofi Annan has promised to revitalize African agriculture with "traditional" methods. Guess that means no fertilizer, no GM seeds, no insecticides...but the continent can starve in full political correctness.

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2. 2. mghutz 08:08 PM 4/22/08

   It's undeniable that Africa should up its food production, but strange how this author, along with everybody else, just won't say those magic words: "population control." Until the world faces up to the reality that a skyrocketing population must be controlled, we will continue to see famine and escalating violence over control of arable land.

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3. 3. John_Toradze 10:33 PM 4/22/08

   We are all very close to the edge of famine, developed world and not. Grain reserves have rarely been lower. Just a little push and our basic commidity prices rise rapidly.
   
   Energy is the fundamental, along with arable land. We have to increase energy per capita that is available, in a way that does not heat up the planet. If we do not increase it, then the four horsemen will take care of us whether we like it or not.

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4. 4. kevin012 07:25 PM 4/26/08

   I think Africa need a lot of help with diseases,agriculture,and there economy. If we don't help them it would only pull us down through ther struggling to survive. America has problems of our own. Crime statistics are at a all time high, and global warming is a real threat.

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5. 5. CSlate 12:55 PM 4/28/08

   The college where I am a professor plans to focus campus-wide on the theme of poverty and hunger for the next two years. We can use articles such as this to educate students and faculty about these grave concerns.

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6. 6. thomas.vm 07:39 AM 5/29/08

   This is a very important step to be taken under U.N.Estimate total avialbility of land,water and select suitable crops for each areas.If no water shall make water avialble by mordern methods for agricuture.This is a must for prevent a famine in the world.

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7. 7. Eric_Ross in reply to CSlate 06:15 PM 3/22/09

   Before we accept the Sachs model for agrarian development in Sub Saharan Africa, with its uncritical view of the consequences of the Green Revolution for other parts of the Third World (and for the United States, for that matter, where it led to the loss of millions of family farms), I would suggest looking at my book, The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and Population in Capitalist Development (Zed Books, 1998). It might serve to put some core issues in perspective.

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