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Publication of the ENCODE Encyclopedia: A Milestone in Genome Research
Twelve years after the publication of the human genome sequence, a large consortium published the next step: the ENCODE Project: ENCyclopedia of DNA Elements. Whereas the genome project provided the sequence of all the nucleotides in the human DNA (how all the A’s, C’s, T’s and G’s are put in order), ENCODE goes a step further and catalogues which of those sequences can be transcribed into RNA and in which types of cells.
Just as biologists understood that the Human Genome Project is a useful tool (albeit not the "holy grail" or "blueprint of life" as touted in some media), so too did they welcome ENCODE as another useful research tool. The laboratory techniques developed by the Human Genome Project have enabled scientists to sequence—ever more inexpensively—the complete genomes of many individual humans as well as many other species. In the same vein, scientists expect that ENCODE is just a beginning, enabling them to perform the same kind of work on numerous individuals as well as on numerous species. The knowledge gained will help answer important questions about evolution, ecology, conservation, physiology, development and medicine.
Unfortunately, much of the discussion surrounding the publication of ENCODE failed to focus on the usefulness of the catalogue and the techniques that built it. Instead, much of the debate centered on the failure to understand that transcription does not necessarily imply meaningful biological function. Cells are messy biological entities, with lots of gunk and goo floating around, so mistakes happen all the time. Many DNA sequences get translated into RNA, only to have the cell degrade that RNA. Much, perhaps most, of the DNA in our genomes—despite being occasionally transcribed, and thus recorded in ENCODE—is still functionless “junk DNA.” That is actually not surprising; it is in fact expected from evolutionary theory. Thanks to ENCODE, though, we should eventually learn which sequences are the junk and which are the gems of cell activity. —Bora Zivkovic
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» “Junk DNA” Holds Clues to Many Diseases
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The Top 10 Science Stories of 2012 |
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17 Comments
Add CommentSome of these choices seem odd.. Hard to believe Hurricane Sandy, despite being a big news story, is the top Science news of 2012.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisReading these kind of feels like "sensational" was more important than "news" in the choices.
FYI: The comment about ovarian stem cells (" If confirmed, the finding would overturn the long-held notion that women are not born with all the eggs they will ever have.") should be corrected. The long-held notion is that women ARE born with all the eggs they will ever have.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisSharp eyes! Thanks for catching that--it is now fixed.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisSincerely,
Philip Yam
Managing Editor, Online
A big storm is not science. Neither is a guy jumping out of an airplane. Unless, of course, the guy predicted that he would cause the big storm by jumping out of the plane. There was plenty of real science this year; why demean it by implying that newsworthiness is somehow comparable.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisLooks like we've got some grumpy-pants saying these stories aren't science. If you think Baumgardner just jumped out of a balloon from that altitude without doing some physics beforehand, you are dead wrong (and he would be dead-dead) and I think any meteorologist would say there is plenty of science behind the weather. Just because the stories didn't go into great detail doesn't mean there isn't science there. Take a chill pill.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisSorry but to put a huricane over the discovery of the Higgs Boson is laughable at best. It doesn't even mention CERN for 'gods' sake.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisBesides it was the European weather center that first predicted superstorm Sandy would hit New York. While the main US forecasting model GFS had it going for the Atlantic untill days later. Such an early prediction by ECMWF is what is really impressive science here. Only in things like Star Trek did we imagine humans one day being able to so accurately being able to predict a storm. Certain US forecasters have called for a noble prize for the European Weather Center for this breakthough of early predictions.
And what about the discovery of a planet at Alpha Centaury by ESO the European Southern Observatory for big science of the year. A planet at the closest star system to earth. Even NASA labeled this the greatest astronomical discovory in a decade. Not to mention all the other planets confirmed with HARPS this year even in the habitable zone of some stars.
The biggest science story of 2012 has yet to happen.That is of course that the World is coming to an end on 12-21-12 is a hoax.Hopefully all the writers and scientist predicting this will be out of a job.Publishing the 10 top stories of 2012 before the end of the year is jumping the gun a bit isn't it.As for the Sandy hurricane,the statement that it the first to do so coming from the south and then turning west and hitting the eastern shoreline is a untrue.Although it was a big storm,it was still only a Category 1 hurricane when it came ashore.The reason there was so much damage was because there were so many buildings built directly on or nearby the shore that weren't designed to survive a hurricane.There have been many other storms with a much greater loss of life.In fact the tornadoes that hit earlier in year the took many more lives.Don't get me wrong the loss of life anywhere is terrible.I feel for the families that lost kin,friends,and property.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisI thought the biggest story would be the inappropriate use of Comic Sans at a huge scientific announcement.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisNow they think there's two kinds of Higgs Bosons. I bet they're just getting started in the usual quarky way.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisWhat about the fiscal cliff? There is a lot of science involved in jumping off cliffs. Like physics, gravity, and trajectory:-) Also, what about Benghazi smoke inhalation story? I'm sure you could find something scientific about that. No, but seriously I think either Higs or Mars should have made number 1.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThese choices are just not odd, they are strategically selected to further an ideological paradigm. To wit, the ENCODE project found the vast majority of supposed "junk DNA" has function, arrangement and organization that directly contradicts evolutionary expectations, yet the writer bold-face lies and states that the ENCODE results are "expected from evolutionary theory." Is he a sock-puppet or a useful idiot?
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to this"The Higgs represents the final chapter in the story of 21st-century particle physics." The 20th maybe. The 21st has a long way to go!
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to this"It completes the Standard Model, the theoretical description of all the known particles and forces." No. It doesn't incorporate gravity. A rather important force.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisPersonally, I think one of the biggest stories of 2012 was what the Large Hadron Collider did NOT find.
no string/brane exotica,
no sparticles,
no WIMPs (they have been AWOL for 40 years),
no supersymmetry exotica,
no extra-dimensions,
no magnetic monopoles,
no mini-black holes,
no Randall-Sundrum 5-D phenomena (gravitons, K-K gluons, etc.),
no evidence for ADS/CFT duality,
no colorons,
no leptoquarks,
no lazy photons,
no fractionally charged particles,
and nothing beyond the standard model, which has 26-30 adjustable parameters, and which cannot say anything about the dark matter [i.e., virtually everything], or gravitation.
Then there is the 120 orders-of-magnitude vacuum energy density crisis.
Then there is the unnatural and theoretically awkward conventional Planck mass, which bears no resemblance to anything in nature.
Is it reasonable to just say: "Well, we have to go to yet higher energies", and make that dodge sound credible by saying that 'we expected this' when in fact the pre-LHC hype about what would be found was laid on thick and the present non-results were called "The Nightmare Scenario"?
The relevant question is: Do we keep adding epicycles to the faltering old paradigm of particle physics/cosmology, or do we begin the search for a revolutionary new paradigm that can make definitive predictions, that can be (and has been) experimentally verified, and that can provide simple and natural answers to fundamental problems?
Robert L. Oldershaw
http://www3.amherst.edu/~rloldershaw
Discrete Scale Relativity
Fractal Cosmology
Half of these aren't even "science", much less "top ten science"... What has obamacare, sandy, daredevil stunts have to do with science? Some of the other ones are also technology/engineering (sorry wolowitz), not science. Media has dumbed down science so much that even a publication calling itself "scientific american" doesn't know or care about what science is.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisInteresting how many people misread this as to be Top 10 Science Discoveries list although it was clearly explained in the first sentence that it is a list of Top 10 Stories in the news that show how science and society are intertwined.
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to this
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisThe public spent 10 billion dollars on the LHC and so far all they got in return was a back-of-the-cereal-box "Higgs Mechanism" that purports to explain how particles get their masses (the substandard model of particle physics otherwise treats subatomic particles as massless!!!).
On the bright side, the unfolding "Nightmare Scenario" tells anyone with an open and questioning mind that a whole new unified paradigm for understanding the cosmos is very badly needed.
Therefore, in the end the LHC may be worth the money and the effort, although not in the way true believers in the substandard paradigm had hoped.
Robert L. Oldershaw
http://www3.amherst.edu/~rloldershaw
Discrete Scale Relativity
Fractal Cosmology
Reply | Report Abuse | Link to thisCheck out this latest effort from supersymmetry die-hards.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.6971
"Simply Unnatural Supersymmetry"
Authors are Nima Arkani-Hamed, Arpit Gupta, David E. Kaplan, Neal Weiner, Tom Zorawski
These academics want to forge straight ahead over the Platonic Cliff of Delusion.
The question is: How many lemmings will blindly follow, assuming that mathematical erudition implies wisdom?
Robert L. Oldershaw
http://www3.amherst.edu/~rloldershaw
Discrete Scale Relativity
Fractal Cosmology