Image: JOSEPH WILLIAMS

The origin of flowering plants, or angiosperms, stands as one of evolutionary biology's great enigmas. Scientists know that they diverged from the seed-bearing plants, or gymnosperms, at least 150 million years ago, but the details surrounding this split have proved elusive. To that end, new research into the developmental biology of an ancient lineage of flowering plants may offer insights. According to a report published today in the journal Nature, the pond lily Nuphar polysepalum (right) exhibits an intermediate form of a key angiosperm feature.

The seeds of angiosperms contain a unique tissue called endosperm, which nourishes the developing embryo. (Endosperm also represents an important source of nourishment for humans, who consume the seeds of wheat, corn, rice and barley in vast quantities.) This tissue, which forms after fertilization, usually has three copies of each chromosome: two maternal, one paternal. In scientific terms, the endosperm is triploid. Seeds of gymnosperms, in contrast, have a haploid nourishing tissue¿that is, it contains only a single copy of each chromosome.

Scholars have long surmised that triploid endosperm characterized the ancestors of flowering plants. But the new study, conducted by University of Colorado biologists Joseph Williams and William Friedman, suggests otherwise. Their examinations of the DNA of Nuphar polysepalum embryo and nutritive cells revealed endosperm carrying two sets of each chromosome, one maternal and one paternal. Considering that fossil and molecular evidence place water lilies among the most ancient flowering plants, the authors suggest that their diploid endosperm may represent the ancestral condition, an intermediate form linking the haploid gymnosperms and the triploid angiosperms. "The presence of diploid endosperm in an early angiosperm lineage," they write, "brings us one step closer to bridging the substantial gap between flowering plants and their seed plant ancestors."

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