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Evolution Encoded

New discoveries about the rules governing how genes encode proteins have revealed nature's sophisticated "programming" for protecting life from catastrophic errors while accelerating evolution

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A Quantitative Measure of Error Minimization in the Genetic Code. David Haig and Laurence D. Hurst in Journal of Molecular Evolution, Vol. 33, No. 5, pages 412-417; November 1991.

The Invention of the Genetic Code. Brian Hayes in American Scientist, Vol. 86, No. 1, pages 8-14; January-February 1998.

The Genetic Code Is One in a Million. Stephen J. Freeland and Laurence D. Hurst in Journal of Molecular Evolution, Vol. 47, No. 3, pages 238-248; September 1998.

The Case for an Error-Minimizing Genetic Code. Stephen J. Freeland, Nick Keulmann and Tao Wu in Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, Vol. 33, Nos. 4-5, pages 457-477; October 2003.

Scientific American Magazine Vol 290 Issue 4This article was published with the title “Evolution Encoded” in Scientific American Magazine Vol. 290 No. 4 ()
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican042004-78CFNNr2NtdsHYJDyGnv7N

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