Steel: The Backbone of Modernity, 1914 [Slide Show]
These images show how the world of a century ago depended on steel
![Steel: The Backbone of Modernity, 1914 [Slide Show]](https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B3194FBD-4F56-4F49-ACF52561A9EC55F5.jpg?w=590&h=393)
Steel: The Backbone of Modernity, 1914 [Slide Show]
- BRIDGING CANYONS: The Crooked River Bridge in Oregon was built in 1914. Although it looks like only thin air is holding up the structure, the steel girders were supported by chains of steel I-beams, anchored in concrete, holding a load of 760,000 pounds. The other side was similarly built, and the ends met in the middle. Scientific American Supplement, February 7, 1914
- THE IRON HORSE: By 1914, locomotives hauled freight and passengers along almost a quarter of a million miles of railroads that crisscrossed the U.S. This "Pacific type" locomotive weighed 257,000 pounds and was owned by the Chicago Great Western Railroad. Scientific American Supplement, February 14, 1914
- YELLOW RIVER RAILWAY BRIDGE: Built for the Chinese government by a German company from 1908 to 1912. Now known as the Luokou Yellow River Railway Bridge, it carried the railroad that connected Nanjing to Beijing to the Trans-Siberian Railway. The bridge, over 4,000 feet long, is still in use. Scientific American Supplement, November 14, 1914
- ARMAMENT PRODUCTION: An arms race preceded the outbreak of World War I in Europe in 1914 as nations worked to develop more and better weapons. This 11-inch mobile siege howitzer, made from steel by the Krupp company in Essen, Germany, could be easily transported in two sections by motor truck or even horses. Scientific American, October 3, 1914
- STEEL FOR LIFE: This 1,000-ton press from 1914 was designed to stamp out coffins—and their lids—from sheets of steel. The machine could also be adapted to producing "bathtubs, automobile bodies, metallic boats [and] horse troughs."; I'm sure the horses appreciated the thought, amid the race to mechanization. Scientific American, May 2, 1914
- STEEL FOR CARS: A major consumer of steel, in 1914 as now, was car manufacturing. This advertisement for the latest Chalmers runabout illustrates the intersection of lifestyle with metallurgy: heat-treated steel, aluminum castings, drop forgings, tungsten steel valves. Scientific American, March 18, 1914
- WATER FOR A CITY: The pipeline from the Catskill Mountains to Staten Island ran under the main shipping channel for New York Harbor. The 36-inch-wide cast iron pipe had flexible, watertight steel joints so that it could be laid in an excavated trench from a barge. Scientific American, October 10, 1914
- STEEL FOR STUNTS: Iron and steel pipes brought water to cities and farms across the U.S. The newly opened siphon bringing water to Los Angeles was one of the largest, and the setting for a daredevil driving stunt in 1914 by an "automobile enthusiast" who had "a steady hand and a cool head." He apparently succeeded unscathed. Scientific American, August 15, 1914
