By Eugenie Samuel Reich of Nature magazine
As cheat sheets go, it is a long one. Every four years, a task force of the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA), headquartered in Paris, releases a short-hand description of the physical world: the latest, painstaking determination of the values and uncertainties of more than 300 physical constants, from the familiar speed of light, c, to the more obscure mass of the tau lepton, τ.
The most recent figures, from 2010, were first placed online in June and announced on 19 July by the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The numbers include reduced uncertainties for several key constants, which physicists say is encouraging because these will allow for better tests of theory. The more precise figures will also aid plans to redefine familiar units of measurement, such as the kelvin and the kilogram, in terms of unchanging fundamental constants rather than relying on a material object that might not be stable (as for the kilogram standard).
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"There's progress in the right direction," says Peter Mohr, a member of the CODATA task force at NIST. "It gives you more confidence doing science."
The task force revised the numbers that it had released in 2006 by reviewing the latest experiments and theory constraining fundamental quantities. Uncertainties decreased for the fine-structure constant, α, which is used in atomic physics; Planck's constant, h, which defines the size of energy quanta; Avogadro's constant, NA, the number of atoms in a sample of an element, the mass of which in grams equals its atomic mass; and Boltzmann's constant, k, which relates energy and temperature.
Much of the progress arises from advances in measurement science. For example, a 2010 measurement of Avogadro's constant made by counting the atoms in a lattice of highly enriched silicon produced a revised number (see Nature 467, 892; 2010). This brought the figure closer to another value obtained using Planck's constant (which is related to Avogadro's constant) by measuring the electric current needed to support a kilogram test mass suspended in a magnetic field against the force of gravity. Combining the two methods reduced the relative uncertainty in CODATA's Avogadro's constant from ±5.0 × 10^−8 to ±4.4 × 10^−8. For Boltzmann's constant, five new measurements lowered its relative uncertainty to ±9.1 × 10^−7 from ±1.7 × 10^−6 in 2006, when it was based on just two measurements. "That's a piece of good news," says Mohr.
The improved precision, particularly in the values of Avogadro's constant and Boltzmann's constant, is a boost for a proposal to rationalize the international system of standard units (known as SI, Système International d'Unités) by linking four of them -- the ampere, mole, kilogram and kelvin -- to physical constants, says Terry Quinn, emeritus director of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sèvres, France. The proposal is due to be voted on at the General Conference on Weights and Measures in Paris in October, and would put the SI on a path to be revamped by 2015.
Plans for the ampere's revision have long been in good shape because measurements of the electron's charge are very precise. Using the latest values for Boltzmann's constant, the kelvin could also be redefined with ease, says Mohr. The sticking point has been the kilogram, which is currently defined by a prototype mass held at the BIPM that many physicists consider an embarrassment because it is thought to vary over time. The new proposal would define the kilogram in terms of Planck's constant, which has units of kilogram metres squared per second. Before that can happen, some experts would like to see the uncertainty in that constant's value decrease to ±2 × 10^-8.
Quinn says that given recent progress, he expects that to be achieved before 2015. But Ian Mills, a chemist and physicist at the University of Reading, UK, who is president of the BIPM's consultative committee on units, says that the uncertainty of Planck's constant is already low enough to redefine the kilogram reliably. "We could go ahead and make the change to SI today, but everyone is very anxious that we get everything tickety-boo."
This article is reproduced with permission from the magazine Nature. The article was first published on July 26, 2011.
