A new lithium-ion battery is one of the smallest ever made and the first battery to be created with a three-dimensional printer. Measuring less than a millimeter on each side, it fits comfortably on the head of pin and could potentially power tiny medical devices or miniature robots.
3D printers make objects from the ground up by depositing successive layers of material on top of each other. Most 3D printers manipulate plastic, which is useful for prototyping or crafting toys and knickknacks. Making a working battery required a custom machine that laid down new materials loaded with lithium-metal-oxide particles.
"We're trying to take 3D printing to the next level by printing functional materials," says Jennifer Lewis, a materials scientist at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, whose team presented the microbattery 17 June in Advanced Materials.
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While squeezing out the nanoparticles like toothpaste, the printer's nozzle drew a pair of five-fingered electrodes interlocked together like hands clasped in prayer. The paste hardened and the process was repeated, again and again, to add more layers and thicken the rechargeable battery.
The final product included up to 16 strata submerged in an electrolyte solution and weighed less than 100 micrograms. Yet it stored almost as much energy, gram for gram, as larger lithium-ion batteries that run laptops and electric cars. And the power it dished out, 2.7 milliwatts per square centimeter of area covered, rivaled the capabilities of other cutting-edge microbatteries developed in recent years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Printable batteries also promise to be especially adaptable. With a few tweaks, Lewis could super-size her battery. Or she could tailor its shape to suit a particular application.
"The fact that she can print these in arbitrary sizes is extremely exciting," says Robert Wood, a roboticist at Harvard who wasn't involved in the study. "The customizability is really appealing."
Wood builds RoboBees, insect-sized robots that fly and consume an inconveniently large amount of power while doing so. Currently that power is supplied via a wire: No off-the-shelf batteries are light enough. But printed batteries packed together might provide just enough juice to get the bots off the ground.
Batteries and bees are just one step toward much grander goal. Lewis has already figured out how to print 3D antennas and flexible wires made of silver. Ultimately she hopes to be able to print entire electronic devices from scratch — creating not just the shell of a hearing aid, for instance, but its microphone, speaker, circuitry and power source in the ultimate do-it-yourself project.
This article is reproduced with permission from the magazine Nature. The article was first published on June 20, 2013.