
The DNA Helix and How it is Read
X-ray analysis of crystals of three types of double-helical DNA molecule leads to the realization that base-sequence information can be stored in the local structure of the helix

The DNA Helix and How it is Read
X-ray analysis of crystals of three types of double-helical DNA molecule leads to the realization that base-sequence information can be stored in the local structure of the helix

Cytochrome c and the Evolution of Energy Metabolism
The history of this ancient family of electron-transferring proteins suggests that our metabolic ancestors may have been photosynthetic bacteria for which respiration was only a standby energy mechanism

Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life
Within one billion years after the formation of the earth 4.6 billion years ago one-celled organisms had evolved out of organic molecules produced nonbiologically in an atmosphere containing no free oxygen

The Structure and History of an Ancient Protein
To oxidize food molecules all organisms from yeasts to man require a variant of cytochrome c. Differences in this protein from species to species provide a 1.2-billion-year record of molecular evolution