Stories by Seymour Levine

The chain of pituitary and adrenal hormones that regulates responses to stress plays a major role in learning and other behaviors. It n1ay be that effective behavior depends on some optimum level of stress

There is increasing evidence that mammalian behavior patterns are basically female and that male patterns are induced by the action of the sex hormone testosterone on the brain of the newborn animal

Both painful shocks and gentle handling enhance the development of normal stress responses in infant animals. The absence of such treatment leads to behavioral disorders when the animal matures