Scientific American Magazine

In their ability to penetrate matter and displace electrons in atoms and molecules, the various forms of this radiation have deep significance for science, technology and the future of man

Man's experiments with nuclear explosions have stimulated him to study the distribution of radioisotopes in his environment. These investigations have clarified many geophysical processes

The primary site of the biological effects of radiation is in the cell. The specialized structures of the cell, including the genes, are damaged not only by direct hits but also by the chemical products of radiation

The cells of the whole animal form an interconnected society, making the effects of radiation more difficult to trace. Some effects are apparent; others can only be inferred indirectly

Living things evolve as a result of random mutations in hereditary characteristics that survive when they make the organism more fit. What role does ionizing radiation play in the evolutionary process?

X-rays have done much to conserve human life, but they have also doubled the exposure of people in advanced nations to radiation. The physician now has many ways to reduce the dosage to patients

In one of its many industrial applications, ionizing radiation is used to break organic molecules into ions and free radicals. These fragments often recombine to form compounds with novel properties

The effects of radiation on metals result from the displacement of entire atoms in a crystal, not from ionization. These atomic displacements yield new insight into the nature of the solid state

How can mankind secure the demonstrated benefits of radiation and minimize the hazards that attend it? The question assumes that the species will not exterminate itself in a nuclear war