New Issue: Science’s Impossible Questions. Read Now

Bookish Mobsters Made Better Bookies

Just as with honest jobs, mobsters with a more advanced education made more money than their less educated counterparts. Erika Beras reports.

Illustration of a Bohr atom model spinning around the words Science Quickly with various science and medicine related icons around the text

Join Our Community of Science Lovers!

Turns out, education pays off. That’s true whether you’re a doctor or a lawyer—or even a mobster, according to a new study. 

Researchers compared the FBI files of more than seven hundred Italian-American mafia men from the '30’s to the '40’s to other nonmob men from the 1940 census—some were neighbors, others were first and second generation Italian-American immigrants and some were U.S. born white men. 

They found that mobsters tended to have a year less schooling than their neighbors—but for those who stayed in school a little longer, they tended to do better economically. More education increased their income—or moolah—by about 8 percent, on average. 


On supporting science journalism

If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.


The Study is the Economics of Education Review. [Nadia Campaniello et al., Returns to Education in Criminal Organizations: Did Going to College Help Michael Corleone]

Of course, this shouldn’t be surprising. The mafia is essentially a corporation, involving complex organizational and numerical expertise. Weighing grams and running numbers takes more than basic math skills. And researchers found the mobsters with the highest return were the ones involved with more complicated schemes—think embezzling, racketeering and loan sharking. Their profit was about three times higher than the mobsters involved with criminal activity like robberies. 

So study up! No matter what you plan to do, seems like the more you study, the bigger the payoff. Even if you ain’t nothing but a wiseguy.

—Erika Beras 

[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]

Subscribe to Support Independent Journalism

Great science journalism requires human expertise, time, effort and creativity. And it costs money. That’s why I and the journalists here at Scientific American hope you’ll join our community.

When you subscribe, you are supporting staff and freelance journalists who are passionate about telling science stories that are true, important and compelling. Our editors and reporters are often experts in their fields, which means they understand the nuances of big discoveries and can untangle the breakthroughs from the hype. With a subscription, you are also supporting rigorous fact-checking to ensure the words we publish are precise and accurate. And you’re supporting original illustrations, graphics and photos that bring you closer to an advanced laboratory, an ice sheet in Antarctica or a space mission in orbit. You’re helping us craft other types of high-quality journalism as well: Our newsletters are carefully written, edited and curated by staffers you have or will come to know and love. Our Science Quickly podcast is based on original reporting, collaboration with editors and scientists and exacting production.

Subscriptions keep this engine running so we can continue to deliver thoughtful, rigorous and independent science journalism to you. In an era of viral misinformation, this work is crucial. If you value what we do, I hope you’ll consider joining us as a subscriber

Thank you,

Jeanna Bryner, Editor in Chief, Scientific American

Subscribe