Giant Energetic Bubbles Adorn the Milky Way

Two 30,000 light-year-long blobs called Fermi bubbles have been discovered on either side of our galactic plane. John Matson reports

Join Our Community of Science Lovers!


On supporting science journalism

If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.


In 2010 astrophysicists found a pair of, well, blobs hovering above and below the plane of our Milky Way galaxy. The blobs are huge—30,000 light-years tall—and glowing with gamma rays. Researchers called them Fermi bubbles, after the Fermi space telescope that spotted them. But what on Earth—I mean, what in the Milky Way—could produce them?

Physicists have a few ideas. The Fermi bubbles could be powered by the black hole at the center of our galaxy. As the black hole devours nearby stars, some in-falling matter escapes as hot plasma. If the black hole eats a star every 30,000 years, that hot plasma could provide enough energy to power the gamma-ray bubbles. So says a study in Astrophysical Journal Letters. [K.-S. Cheng et al, Origin of the Fermi Bubble]

But what if the bubbles came not from the black hole's steady exhalation, but from a relatively recent black hole belch? A study at arXiv.org ventures that the Milky Way's black hole may have flared up one or two million years ago, sending off powerful jets of energetic particles. [Fulai Guo and William Mathews, Fermi Bubbles: Evidence for a Possible Recent AGN Jet Activity in the Galaxy]

Astronomers see such jets in other galaxies. If it happened here, it could explain why the Milky Way has been accessorizing.

—John Matson

[The above text is an exact transcript of this podcast]

It’s Time to Stand Up for Science

If you enjoyed this article, I’d like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in that two-century history.

I’ve been a Scientific American subscriber since I was 12 years old, and it helped shape the way I look at the world. SciAm always educates and delights me, and inspires a sense of awe for our vast, beautiful universe. I hope it does that for you, too.

If you subscribe to Scientific American, you help ensure that our coverage is centered on meaningful research and discovery; that we have the resources to report on the decisions that threaten labs across the U.S.; and that we support both budding and working scientists at a time when the value of science itself too often goes unrecognized.

In return, you get essential news, captivating podcasts, brilliant infographics, can't-miss newsletters, must-watch videos, challenging games, and the science world's best writing and reporting. You can even gift someone a subscription.

There has never been a more important time for us to stand up and show why science matters. I hope you’ll support us in that mission.

Thank you,

David M. Ewalt, Editor in Chief, Scientific American

Subscribe