One of the frustrations of getting older is that some early memories seem to dim and fade with time. The details of cherished, sun-drenched childhood days spent at the seaside seem to dissolve away like sea-foam on the beach as the years pass. Might there be a way to recover them?
Scientists call these recollections of distinct events and experiences from our own lives “autobiographical episodic memory.” They enable us to mentally time travel to the events of our past, allowing us to experience sensory details of things that we’ve seen, heard, tasted, touched and smelled, as well as the emotions we felt at those times. But what of the body we used to inhabit? In every past (and present) moment, our brain received a rich, continuous set of multisensory signals from our body—including those tied to bodily states. Our memories of the past should encode the type of body we had at different ages, when different memories were laid down—although there has been surprisingly little research on this idea so far.
As neuroscientists, we wondered whether we could use this brain-body connection to jog long-lost memories—by getting people “back inside” the bodies they had at younger ages. In a unique experiment, we found that temporarily changing one’s perceived body affects access to memories from specific periods in life. We showed that a subtle illusion in which participants viewed a childlike version of their own face that moved in synchrony with them, as a mirror reflection does, could enhance their recollection of early memories.
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The brain is constantly monitoring the body. Specialized brain regions create maps of the body’s position, form and physical state—including all of its sensory inputs. Neuroscientists call this mental representation the bodily self. For a long time scientists assumed that this representation was relatively unchanging. But findings over the past few decades show that the bodily self is surprisingly malleable. The brain constantly updates this self-representation in response to what a person sees, feels and hears.
Scientists can purposefully shift someone’s representation of their body by creating scenarios that trick the brain with mismatched sensory information. In the classic rubber hand illusion, for example, a person sees a rubber hand being touched and, in synchrony, feels their own hand being touched, causing them to feel like the fake hand is part of their body. Newer techniques using virtual reality push this approach even further. In so-called full-body illusion experiments, participants can feel as though they are inhabiting and owning an entirely different body. And in the enfacement illusion, people can momentarily experience another face as their own.
The brain doesn’t just store information tied to events as raw sensations but also anchors it to memories of the body the person had when those events occurred.
Together, these alterations reveal that our sense of bodily self is not rigid, and we can reshape it, at least for a short time, by changing the information the brain receives.
In our study, we took advantage of this fact to make people feel younger. We invited 50 healthy adults to participate in an online experiment in which we used an enfacement illusion to generate a sense of ownership of a younger version of their face. Participants saw a real-time video display of their own face on a screen. Half of them saw their face in a totally unaltered way. But the other half saw a younger, childlike version of themselves created by an image filter. When participants moved their head from side to side while watching the synchronized video display, they tended to experience a strong illusion that the younger face was really theirs.
After moving their head and observing the display, participants were asked to recall childhood or recent memories in as much detail as possible. We then gave them a series of structured questions about these recollections (what we called the autobiographical memory interview). After gathering responses, we had two raters, who did not know which specific conditions participants had experienced before sharing memories, score the responses using a numerical scale that quantified how rich these recollections were. Although we cannot know how accurate these memories might have been, this interview technique still offered us a robust way to compare the vividness of people’s remembrances.
We found that individuals recalled significantly more details of childhood memories after viewing a younger face than they did after viewing their unaltered appearance. Participants gave richer, more vivid descriptions, including recollections of specific places, emotions and sensory perceptions. This effect was specifically found for childhood memories and not for recent ones, suggesting the illusion taps into a deep connection between body representations and memories anchored in the past.
The findings point to the fascinating idea that the brain doesn’t just store information tied to past events as raw sensations but also anchors it to memories of the body that the person had when those events occurred. Because altering body perception can enhance access to older memories, it can be argued that the bodily self isn’t only a backdrop but instead is foundational to how memories are encoded and organized in the brain.
The results don’t just demonstrate a cool memory trick. On a fundamental level, they suggest a deep entwining of the body and our sense of self—that the changes our bodies undergo over time are not separate from our mental evolution. Future research may explore strategies to support people who have trouble accessing memories, such as those living with dementia or brain injury. If the brain links early memories to body representations, targeted illusions or sensory interventions could one day assist with therapeutic memory retrieval.
Memories are not simple isolated data points stored in the brain. They are complex representations connected to people’s perception of their own bodies at different periods of life. In reconnecting with the bodies of the past, people may reopen doors to the memories that shaped them.
