Some people might live for fashion, but what if your clothes lived for you? That’s the premise behind a new material made of fungi: the textile remains alive even after it’s manufactured.
In a new paper, researchers describe how this biodegradable material works. It can regrow its surface, enabling it to renew itself if it is damaged. To add a little extra flare, it can also host engineered microbes—organisms that change its color or that add a layer of ultraviolet protection.
Making mushrooms into materials is not new. The mycelium—the branching network of microscopic filaments that makes up most of a fungus—has been made into leather alternatives, packaging, insulation and even building materials. But these products are typically made of dead and processed mushroom material, which limits what they can do, the researchers say.
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A full-length garment incorporating fungal textile components produced using the programmable fungal platform described in a new study.
Courtesy of Ke Li et al.
“We wanted to ask whether a mycelium material could remain alive and programmable while still behaving as a freestanding, flexible textile,” says Bolin An, a research professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a co-author of the study.
Why do this? Alexander Bismarck and Mitchell Jones, researchers in the Polymer and Composite Engineering Group at the University of Vienna, who were not involved in the work, say that while the study shows that a living material is technically possible, that doesn’t mean it is better, safer or preferable to existing textiles.
Reasoning aside, An and his colleagues’ work is visually striking and technically impressive. Instead of weaving fibers, the team grew dense mats of mycelium, the threadlike filaments of which naturally intertwine into cohesive sheets. The researchers then soaked the material in glycerol—a syrupy compound that acts as a plasticizer, making the mycelium softer and more flexible without killing it. The result was a supple, living textile.
When supplied with nutrients, the fabric sprouts a layer of fuzzy fungal filaments across its surface, effectively renewing itself.
The material can also host engineered microbes. By embedding a pigment-producing yeast, the team created colored patterns. Adding a second fungus that naturally produces melanin endowed the textile with ultraviolet protection. Together, the experiments suggest the material can acquire new capabilities even after its initial fabrication.
“The individual components are mostly established,” Bismarck and Jones say. “The novelty lies in bringing them together within a single living-material platform.”
Clothing made from this is not ready-to-wear. And even if the technology matures, it won’t solve fashion’s sustainability problem. Much of the industry’s waste stems from fast-fashion business models and consumer habits rather than solely arising from the materials used for clothing themselves.
Keeping the new material alive also isn’t easy—it needs to be stored in certain conditions to prevent contamination, for example. The fabric also almost completely biodegraded within about six weeks. That would make it a poor choice for a winter coat but an intriguing candidate for products such as disposable packaging or temporary structures, such as installations.
“A living curtain could provide passive ultraviolet shielding, self-cleaning surfaces or, in the future, even environmental sensing or air purification,” An says.